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VOCATIONAL TRAINING Report oN TELECOMMUNICATION

Submitted by:- RAVINDER SIWACH Roll No. 11232

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VOCATIONAL TRAINING Report oN TELECOMMUNICATION

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  1. Submitted by:- • RAVINDER SIWACH Roll No. 11232 • B.Tech, 7th sem • ECE VOCATIONAL TRAINING Report oNTELECOMMUNICATION

  2. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS

  3. DESCRIBE COMPONENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM CALCULATE CAPACITY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS & EVALUATE TRANSMISSION MEDIA COMPARE TYPES OF NETWORKS & NETWORK SERVICES * LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  4. COMPARE ALTERNATIVE NETWORK SERVICES • IDENTIFY APPLICATIONS FOR SUPPORTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, BUSINESS * LEARNING OBJECTIVES

  5. 1. MANAGING LOCAL AREA NETWORKS: Must be carefully administered, monitored, vulnerable to interruption, data loss, viruses 2. MANAGING BANDWIDTH: While costs per unit are dropping and capacity is growing, sudden demand can overwhelm system * MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

  6. COMMUNICATING INFORMATION VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS OVER SOME DISTANCE * TELECOMMUNICATIONS

  7. NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE HIGH SPEED DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC * INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

  8. COMPUTERS • TERMINALS: Input / output devices • COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS • PROCESSORS: Modems, multiplexers, front-end processors • COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE * SYSTEM COMPONENTS

  9. RULES & PROCEDURES TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION BETWEEN COMPONENTS IN A NETWORK * PROTOCOL

  10. CONTINUOUS WAVEFORM • VOICE COMMUNICATIONS * ANALOG SIGNAL

  11. DISCRETE WAVEFORM • TWO DISCRETE STATES: • 1-BIT & 0-BIT • ON / OFF PULSE • DATA COMMUNICATION • USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG * DIGITAL SIGNAL 0010111010011101001010101110111100100010000101111010110100111010010010110010101101100

  12. MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE TRANSMITTED: • TWISTED WIRES:Copper Wires • COAXIAL CABLE:Insulated Copper Wires • FIBER-OPTIC CABLE • MICROWAVE * COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

  13. SIGNAL LASER CABLE PHOTO DETECTOR SIGNAL • SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS • FAST, LIGHT, DURABLE • TRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL DUPLEX • EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL • OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF NETWORKS * FIBER OPTICS

  14. BACKBONE: Fiber optics cable carries light signals to distribution nodes, which use copper wires to user • DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM): Next-generation, uses many colors, (up to 160) each a channel, increases capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits per second * FIBER OPTICS

  15. PAGERS:Small pager beeps when receives short message • CELLULAR TELEPHONE:Device uses radio waves to reach antennas within areas called cells • MOBILE DATA NETWORKS:Radio - based data network using hand-held computers, cheap, efficient * WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

  16. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE:Cellular; lower power; higher frequency. Smaller phones not shielded by buildings, tunnels • PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT:Pen sized, hand-held, digital communicator • SMART PHONE: Wireless, voice, text, Internet * WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

  17. ORBITING SATELLITES MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION UPLINK DOWNLINK

  18. TRANSMISSION SPEED:Bits per Second (BPS) or Baud • BANDWIDTH:Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Lowest Frequencies * COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

  19. MEDIUM SPEED COST TWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS LOW MICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS SATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS COAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS FIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS HIGH BPS: BITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PS, MBPS: MEGABITS PS, GBPS: GIGABITS PS, TBPS: TERABITS PS SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA

  20. FRONT- END PROCESSOR:Minicomputer manages communication for host computer • CONCENTRATOR:Computer collects messages for batch transmission to host computer • CONTROLLER:Computer controls interface between CPU and peripheral devices • MULTIPLEXER:Allows channel to carry multiple sources simultaneously * COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS

  21. USER USER HOST USER USER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES STAR

  22. USER USER USER USER USER USER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES BUS

  23. USER USER USER USER NETWORK TOPOLOGIES RING

  24. PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX):firm’s central switching system • LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN):dedicated channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share expensive hardware & software * LOCAL NETWORKS

  25. GATEWAY:Connection to other networks • ROUTER: Forwards data to other networks • NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS):Manages file server; routes communications on network • PEER - TO - PEER:In some small networks all computers have equal power * LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

  26. Network spans large geographic distances. Can include cable, satellite, microwave • SWITCHED LINES:Route determined by current traffic • DEDICATED LINES:Constantly available for high-volume traffic * WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN)

  27. PACKET SWITCHING • FRAME RELAY • ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM) • INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK (ISDN) • SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE • CABLE MODEM • T1 LINE * NETWORK SERVICES

  28. FORM OF Value Added Network • BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes) • PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANS • REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION * PACKET SWITCHING(X.25)

  29. PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS (FRAMES) • HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION • RELIABLE LINES • NO ERROR-CORRECTION ROUTINES * FRAME RELAY

  30. CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each • USES FIBER OPTICS CABLE • INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR HARDWARE SPEEDS • CAN TIE LAN TO WAN * ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE(ATM)

  31. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES * INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK(ISDN)

  32. DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL):enhancing capacity over copper telephone lines • CABLE MODEM:modem for cable TV for high-speed access to Internet • T1 LINE:dedicated telephone connection, 24 channels @ 1.544 megabits per second * OTHER SERVICES:

  33. BROADBAND: High-speed transmission, multiple channels • NETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables simultaneous transmission of voice, data, video. Attractive for multimedia applications: Video collaboration, voice-data call centers, distance learning, unified messaging * OTHER SERVICES:

  34. SELLER CUSTOMER ORDERS, PAYMENTS COMPUTER COMPUTER SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE UPDATES, INVOICES COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO ORGANIZATIONS OF STANDARD BUSINESS TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS * ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI)

  35. thanks

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