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Political Turmoil: The Rise of Free Soil, Know-Nothing, and Antislavery Movements

Explore the formation of new political parties, the Dred Scott case, Lecompton Constitution, Lincoln-Douglas debates, John Brown's raid, and the impact on the 1860 election leading to Southern secession.

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Political Turmoil: The Rise of Free Soil, Know-Nothing, and Antislavery Movements

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  1. Chapter 10.3-10.4 Notes

  2. Free Soil Party Started 1848 Believed in ending slavery in new western states “free soil” Pro-labor Know-Nothing Party Nativism 1854 “American Party” Anti-Catholic Anti-Immigrant New Political Parties

  3. Dred Scott vs. Sanford • March 6, 1857 • Dred Scott, a slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Sued for his freedom because he had at one time lived on free soil • Supreme Court says: • Dred Scott and any other slave is not a citizen so he can not sue in Federal Court • Congress/a legislature can NOT outlaw slavery and therefore, • Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional (36 30 line no longer in play)

  4. Lecompton Constitution • 1857 Pro-Slavery government in Kansas (located in Lecompton)writes their state constitution, which allows slavery and submits to US Congress for approval • At same time the anti-slavery government in Kansas writes a Constitution against slavery and submits to US Congress for approval • President James Buchanan supports the Lecompton Constitution (pro-slavery) • Stephen Douglas (Mr. Popular Sovereignty) leads the fight against it in Congress • Northerners like Douglas, Southerners don’t

  5. Abraham Lincoln • Senatorial election of 1858 (Illinois) • Lincoln is a lawyer from Springfield and a Republican • Born in Kentucky, 1809 to a poor family • Only attended 1 year of formal schooling, self educated • Married “up” to Mary Todd from wealthy Kentucky family • Served in Congress 1847-49 as a Whig • After KS-NB act becomes Republican • Known as a great speaker

  6. Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Senate Election between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas (Mr. Popular Sovereignty) • Had 7 arranged debates • Most famous debate, Freeport, IL • Topic: If people of territory voted down slavery despite that the Supreme Court via Dred Scott decision had said they could not vote on the issue who prevails Congress or people? • Douglas’s reply is known as the Freeport Doctrine

  7. Freeport Doctrine • No matter what the Court ruled, slavery would remain down if the people voted it down • Laws to protect slavery would not be enforced if people are against the law or law would be changed based on demand by people (I.e Embargo Act) • Douglas beats Lincoln in election

  8. Harpers Ferry, VA • John Brown remerges in Harper’s Ferry, VA with a new anti-slavery plan. • He wanted to invade the South secretly with his followers, call upon the slaves to rise up, give them guns, and establish a free African American state • First step was to take over the Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry (needed to get the guns) • Oct 1859, seizes arsenal killing 7 but slaves failed to rise up (they hadn’t been notified of the plan) • Brown and group is captured by Marines (Lt. Colonel, Robert E. Lee)

  9. The Results…. • Brown is tried and convicted of treason and murder, (friends claimed he was insane), and sentenced to death • South HATES Brown sees him as murderer and believe he is expressing the views of all the North • Brown not very popular with moderate Northerners either, seen as too extreme • He is made a martyr by abolitionists

  10. Election of 1860 • Republicans Nominate Abraham Lincoln • Democrat Party splits between North and South • Southern Democrats support John C. Breckinridge • Northern Democrats support Stephen Douglas

  11. And the Winner is…… • Lincoln wins the election without carrying a single southern state (was not even on the ballot in 10 southern states) • Gets 40% of the popular vote • Election was very divided among sections of the country • Secessionists are happy because they now have a very valid reason to push for the south leaving the Union • South still have 5 to 4 majority in Supreme Court and Republicans did not control House or Senate • Federal government could not touch slavery where it already existed, except by constitutional amendment

  12. Southern Secession • 4 days after Lincoln’s election the South Carolina legislature votes to call a special convention to discuss leaving the Union • December 1860, vote unanimously to leave • In the next 6 weeks, six other states join them, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas • Call themselves the Confederate States of America, President is Jefferson Davis (Senator from Miss) • Four more will join later (VA, ARK, NC, TN) bringing the total to 11

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