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Reflection # 1

Reflection # 1. List all the wars that the US has been involved in. List the CAUSE of the war if you know it. THE IMPERIAL REPUBLIC. 1890-1920 B. Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley, T. Roosevelt , Taft, Wilson. I. Roots of American Imperialism. A. Imperialism. the attempt to create an empire

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Reflection # 1

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  1. Reflection # 1 • List all the wars that the US has been involved in. • List the CAUSE of the war if you know it.

  2. THE IMPERIAL REPUBLIC 1890-1920 B. Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley, T. Roosevelt , Taft, Wilson

  3. I. Roots of American Imperialism

  4. A. Imperialism • the attempt to create an empire Either Directly – by military conquest OR Indirectly through economic or political dominance = the effort to dominate trade and government of other lands • expansionism

  5. B. The New Manifest Destiny • 1890’s = new phase in American Imperialism • shift from domestic to foreign affairs • Acquiring possessions separate from the continental US ------------------------------- • Do you remember the “Old” Manifest Destiny? • What time period ? • What President ? • What events ? 1840s Polk Texas Annexation , War with Mexico

  6. II. ECONOMIC & POLITICAL Reasons given in support of U.S. Imperialism A. Depression of 1893 • Aggressive foreign policy an outlet for frustrations due to bitter social protests of the times B. Frontier closes • Need New Resources (Frederick Jackson Turner)= little room left on N. American continent • Need New Markets (Senator Albert Beveridge) Foreign territories = markets + materials

  7. Senator Albert J. Beveridge (Indiana) 1899 • “Today, we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.”

  8. II. ECONOMIC & POLITICAL Reasons given in support of U.S. Imperialism C. Competition with Europe • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge • HW: READ Doc.1 p.249 BR workbook • Answer the questions: • What motives for imperialism are reflected in Lodge’s article? • How would Lodge’s argument fit with that of Josiah Strong and the Social Darwinists? • How much of Lodge’s dream became reality during his long service in the senate (30 years from this writing in 1895)? Document A: “The World’s Plunderers.” HW - SOAPS map of Imperialism in 1900- BR pgs. 554-555 Map Test = Panama, Nicaragua, Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, Atlantic & Pacific Oceans, Latin America – S.America, Central America, & the Caribbean, Cuba

  9. II. ECONOMIC & POLITICAL Reasons given in support of U.S. Imperialism D. Desire for military strength (Alfred T. Mahan) - claim & defend territory - status & national pride

  10. 1. Alfred T. Mahan-American admiral in Navy Wrote : • The Influence of Sea Power upon History in 1890 • The Interest of America in Sea Power in 1897 • Advocated: • Strong navy • key to becoming a great nation • colonies would serve as bases for such a navy • Building a canal across the isthmus of Central America to connect the oceans • Enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine • US dominance in the Caribbean • Take possession of Hawaii & other Pacific Islands Document C: excerpt from his book HW - APPARTS

  11. III. Philosophic Justifications for Expansion= reasons given in support of U.S. Imperialism A. Belief in cultural + racial superiority • US = Better government , heritage , religion etc..

  12. III. Philosophic Justifications for Expansion= reasons given in support of U.S. Imperialism B. Social Darwinism • Darwin’s theory of evolution (of species) (biologist) • Natural selection = survival of the fittest • Late 19c = this theory applied to societies & social groups • To rationalize • wealth at home • imperialism abroad (International Darwinism) • strong nations were destined by natural law to dominate weak ones; survival of the fittest

  13. III. Philosophic Justifications for Expansion= reasons given in support of U.S. Imperialism C.John Fiske (journalist) • The experience of subjugating the Indian tribes had established a precedent D.John W. Burgess (Political Science Professor) • duty to spread its superior institutions to less civilized peoples E. Josiah Strong (clergyman) • white Americans had the duty to spread democracy and Christianity in order to Civilize non white and non Christian people • Document B – HW SOAPS or APPARTS

  14. Source: Josiah Strong. Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. New York: American Home Missionary Society, 1885. • It seems to me that God, with infinite wisdom and skill ,is training the Anglo-Saxon race for an hour sure to come in the world’s future….. The unoccupied arable lands of the earth are limited ,and will soon be taken… Then will the world enter upon a new stage of its history – the final competition of races, for which the Anglo-Saxon is being schooled…. Then this race of unequalled energy , with all the majesty of numbers and them might of wealth behind it – the representative, let us hope , of the largest liberty ,the purest Christianity , the highest civilization … will spread itself over the earth. If I read not amiss , this powerful race will move down upon Mexico , down upon Central and South America , out upon the islands of the sea, over upon Africa and beyond . And can any one doubt that the result of this competition of races will be the “survival of the fittest”?

  15. IV. Policy Actions

  16. A. Acquisition of Alaska 1867A. Johnson 1. William Seward – Secretary of State for Lincoln and A. Johnson • 1867 - Arranged for US to buy Alaska from Russia • “Seward’s Icebox”/ “Seward’s Folly” Map Test = Panama, Nicaragua, Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, Atlantic & Pacific Oceans, Latin America – S.America, Central America, & the Caribbean, Cuba, ALASKA & US

  17. B. Hemispheric Hegemony • Hemispheric • Sphere of influence 1. Monroe Doctrine (1823) made Latin America – US sphere of influence • Hegemony • The predominant influence of one state over others

  18. 2. Latin America Interventions • James G. Blaine • Secretary of State : • for (R) Garfield (1881) and (R) B. Harrison (1889-1892) • Led efforts to expand into Latin America • Pan American Congress of 1889 • resulted in • an agency that distributed information to member American nations • Reciprocal tariff reduction

  19. President Grover Cleveland (D)1885-1889 & 1893-1897 • In 1895 moved to enforce the Monroe Doctrine against Great Britain in a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana • Threatened war before Britain agreed to arbitrate the dispute • Map BA pg 625 • Richard Olney • Secretary of State • Olney Doc. Map Test = Panama, Nicaragua, Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, Atlantic & Pacific Oceans, Latin America – S.America, Central America, & the Caribbean, Cuba, Alaska & U.S. , VENEZUELA & BRITISH GUIANA

  20. C. Acquisition of Hawaii 1875- 1898

  21. American settlement on Hawaii • 1830s = missionaries & merchants • Americans began buying land + est. sugar plantations • Planters gained much power Map Test = Panama, Nicaragua, Caribbean Sea, HAWAII, Atlantic & Pacific Oceans, Latin America – S.America, Central America, & the Caribbean, Cuba, Alaska & U.S. , Venezuela & British Guiana,

  22. 1875Grant (R) • US agrees to allow Hawaii to export sugar to America duty-free • Results = Hawaiian economy dependent on sugar exports to America • Planters gained positions in Hawaiian govt

  23. 1887Cleveland (D) • US gains treaty rights for base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii • Military presence + refueling station for American ships

  24. 1890B. Harrison (R) • US ends favored status of Hawaii in sugar trade, damaging Hawaiian economy (McKinley Tariff)

  25. 1891B. Harrison (R) • Queen Liliuokalani • Popular nationalist • “Hawaii for Hawaiians” agenda • Sanford Dole • Wealthy Planter / American Business Interests In Hawaii

  26. 1893Cleveland (D) • American planters in Hawaii stage revolution • U.S. ambassador John L. Stevens organized a revolution that dethroned the queen • Sanford B. Dole became head of new government • Harrison signs annexation agreement with Hawaii, but Cleveland rejects it • Cleveland recognized the Republic of Hawaii but demanded that annexation be based on the desires of the majority of Hawaiians

  27. 1898McKinely (R) • McKinley favored annexation • United States formally annexes Hawaii

  28. D. Acquisition of Samoa 1878-1899

  29. 1878-1899Hayes (R) , B.Harrison (R), Cleveland (D), McKinley (R) • US gains treaty rights for base at Pago Pago in Samoa • Bound the US to arbitrate any differences between Samoa and other nations • US, Germany and Great Britain jointly controlled Samoa = tripartite protectorate • 1899 – US and Germany divided the Islands between them with US retaining Pago Pago Map Test = Panama, Nicaragua, Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, Atlantic & Pacific Oceans, Latin America – S.America, Central America, & the Caribbean, Cuba, Alaska & U.S. , Venezuela, British Guiana, SAMOA

  30. 1875 :Grant (R)-Hawaii exempt from US tariffs; Hawaiian economy dependent on growing sugar for export to America 1887 :Cleveland (D)- US gains treaty rights for base at Pearl Harbor 1890 :B. Harrison (R) US ends favored status of Hawaii in sugar trade, damaging Hawaiian economy 1891 :B. Harrison (R) Queen Liliuokalani a popular nationalist promotes “Hawaii for Hawaiians” 1893 :Cleveland (D) American planters in Hawaii stage revolution; B. Harrison (R) signs annexation agreement with Hawaii, but Cleveland (D) rejects it 1898 : McKinley (R) United States formally annexes Hawaii Policy Actions: Hawaii 1875-1898

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