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Borobudur

Borobudur. Mahayana monument, in Java, Indonesia O’ Reiley, pp. 82-83 Fisher, pp. 196-200. 3.19 Borobudur, Java, Late 8th century; F 175-77. Borodudur.

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Borobudur

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  1. Borobudur Mahayana monument, in Java, Indonesia O’ Reiley, pp. 82-83 Fisher, pp. 196-200

  2. 3.19 Borobudur, Java, Late 8th century; F 175-77

  3. Borodudur • It was built by the Sailendra dynasty the late 8th century; it is the biggest stupa monument in the world; located in the Java Island of Indonesia • Medium: volcanic rocks and massive heap of stones • It is a Mahayana monument with 9 levels; each side measure 370 feet in length and 12 feet in height in each wall • It has 5 square terraces and 3 circular diminish terraces with series of stupas (72 stupas); crowned by a large circular unfinished stupa (113 Feet) • Note: no inscription was found at the site

  4. Plan • Lower level represents: • Kamadhatu-Sphere of Desire (human spirit is still chained to greed • Rupadathu- The sphere of Form (spirit liberated from greed but stillunable to transcend the phenomenal world) • The upper-circular terraces-the Arupadhatu-the Sphere of Formlessness (liberated human spirit has left all earthly considerations behind) • People visiting Borodubur -as pilgrims to immerse themselves in and graph the truth of the Buddha’s teachings--by studying the narrative releifs and to practice meditation

  5. Gates • Gates: Kala or Makala (fish-elephant): 328 heads on the monumnets • kala symbolizes sun and light • makara symbolizes water and darkness; together they symbolize the Universe

  6. Jina Buddhas (Dhyani Buddha) • Vairocana Buddha-Universal Buddha, in the center • Gesture: dharmacakramudra • Color: white • Aksobhaya-Buddha of the East • Gesture: bhumisparsamudra • Color: yellow • Amitabha-Buddha of the West; Sakyamuni and Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva resided (Sukhavati paradise) • Gesture: dhyanamudra • Color: Red

  7. Jina Buddha • Ratanasambhava-Buddha of the South • Gesture: varadamudra • Color: green • Amoghasidi-Buddha of the North • Gesture: abhayamudra • Color: Blue

  8. Gallery • There are approximately 1300 panels with a total length of 8,200 feet cover the walls and the balustrades of the galleries • It has no roof • 540 seated Buddha in life size • 432 are in niches (part of the balustrades) • 72 in hollow stupas

  9. texts • Base: now covered depicted relief from the Kamawibhanga text-the doctrine of cause and effects • Along the many galleries show panels with scenes in bas-relief. The releifs were directly drawn from the ancient texts: • 1st gallery: lalitavistara in the upper level of the (Life story of the Buddha) wall and the Jatakamala in the lower part of the wall (Jataka stories) • 2 and 3rd galleries: Gandavyuha (story of Sudhana in search of the Ultimate Truth; Maitreya helps him)

  10. Interpretations • It represents the unity of the cosmos-sacred replica of the universe • Unfinished Buddha symbolized the ultimate spiritual truth • Mandala-cosmic diagram, cosmic universe: the concept of the Three Bodies • It associates with royal cult • It represents the cosmic mountain-Mt Meru as described in the Lotus Sutra (Saddharapundarikasutra) • The ultimate message is that by hearing the Lotus sutra, ever beings can become a Buddha after having obtained complete enlightenment or bodhi

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