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Bovine Ectoparasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt MPH DVM

Bovine Ectoparasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt MPH DVM. Chapter 13. Bovine Ectoparasites. L imit production Disease Season : spring and summer SE Texas's all year-round Phylum Arthropoda Flies: Class : Insecta and Order : Diptera

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Bovine Ectoparasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt MPH DVM

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  1. Bovine EctoparasitesDr. Dipa Brahmbhatt MPH DVM Chapter 13

  2. Bovine Ectoparasites • Limit production • Disease • Season: • spring and summer • SE Texas's all year-round • Phylum Arthropoda • Flies: Class: Insecta and Order: Diptera • Ticks, mites: Class: Arachnida ; Order: Ixodida Heartwater ticks shown feeding on a cow

  3. Bovine Ectoparasites - Taxonomy • Biting Flies: piercing mouthparts adapted for blood sucking • Horn fly: Siphona (Haematobia) irritans • Stable Fly: Stomoxys Calcitrans • Horse (Tabanus sp.) and Deer Flies (Chrysops sp.) • Screw worm fly: Cochliomyia hominivorax • Gnats: Simulium and Culicoides • Non-biting Flies • Face fly: Musca autumnalis • Myiasis • Common cattle grub : Hypoderma lineatum • Northern cattle grub : Hypoderma bovis • Screworm: Cochliomyia hominivorax • Lice • Chewing lice: Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis • Sucking lice: • longnosed cattle louse: Linognathus vituli • shortnosed cattle louse: Haematopinus eurysternus • Mites • Sarcoptes • Chorioptes • Psoroptes • Demodex bovis • Mosquitoes • Ticks

  4. Flies • 1 pair of wings • complete metamorphosis • ~ 20 families of flies are of veterinary importance House Fly CREDITS: J. F. Butler, University of Florida

  5. Flies Comparison of the horn fly to the stable fly, house fly, and face fly. Photo: Photo: John B. Campbell, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Face fly: Musca autumnalis:

  6. Horn Fly: Siphona (Haematobia) irritans • Serious pests in TX • C.S: pain, irritation, weight loss, low milk production, +/- open sores; secondary infections • pierces the skin to blood feed • persistent biter. • Horn fly: greatest economic loss in US cattle

  7. Horn flies congregate along the back and sides of cattle: SMALL AVID FEEDERS

  8. Horn Fly: Siphona (Haematobia) irritans • Lifecycle: 10 – 14 days • Eggs: laid in fresh (~ 10 min. of dropping) manure. • Larvae: hatch ~18 hours and feed on the dung > through 3 stages in 3 - 5 days. • Pupal stage: lasts 3 to 5 days > adults which emerge have a preoviposition period of 3 days. • Mating on the host • females can lay about 200 eggs in their lifetime Tx: pyrethroid or organophosphate impregnated ear-tags and pour on’s (ivermectin): General for all ectoparasites

  9. Stable Flies: Stomoxyscalcitrans • mechanical transmitters • anthrax • anaplasmosis • Like house fly but the bayonet-like mouthparts of the differentiate it from the house fly. • both sexes: biters. • C.S: irritation, lethargy (blood loss in severe cases); bite wounds and secondary infections • Tx: pour on’s sprays, remove feces and spoiled hay and grain SMALL AVID FEEDERS

  10. Horse (Tabanus sp.)and Deer Flies (Chrysops sp.) Deer Flies (Chrysops spp.) • BOTH: • Only females bite. • Daytime feeders: vicious biters. Horse (Tabanus spp.) • painful bites: stampedes • Transmit: Anaplasmosis, tularemia, • anthrax

  11. Gnats • Simulium and Culicoides are both small gnats that have painful bites. Culicoides

  12. Face Fly: Musca autumnalis • Feeds on tears, saliva and mucus. • Annoying • Mechanical carries: • Moraxella bovis • IBR • Thelazia spp (eyeworms)

  13. Myiasis: infestation of vertebrates by dipteran larvae (maggots)

  14. Myiasis Heel flies TX: before esophagus/ spinal cord > death: Sprays and dips using coumaphos or phosmet, Pour-on formulations of famphur, fenthion, ivermectin, and phosmet • U.S: Cattle warbles • common cattle grub: Hypoderma lineatum • LC: eggs – hair of cattle > maggots – skin > esophageal > pupa • northern cattle grub: Hypoderma bovis • LC: eggs – hair of cattle > maggots – skin > spinal cord > pupa • Lifecycle: 10-12 months • Clinical signs • damage - tissues and hide, reduction of weight gain

  15. Myiasis • Screwworm: Cochliomyiahominivorax • LC: 3 weeks: Larvae > fly will bore into live tissue maturing • Very pathogenic and high mortality • feeds exclusively on live flesh • Eradicated in US in 1966: introduced sterile males • REPORTABLE: cost producers $75 million if back in US

  16. LICE – LOUSE: Pediculosis

  17. LOUSE • Entire lifecycle on host • Transmitted: direct contact • introduction of carrier animals

  18. LOUSE: Mallophaga • Chewing lice: order Mallophaga • Little red louse: Damalinia(Bovicola) bovis • LC: 4 wks. • Fall and winter: brisket/leg/in between legs • C.S: pruritus, unthrifty appearance and a rough coat Damalinia bovis, male. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

  19. LOUSE: Anoplura • Sucking lice: order Anoplura • longnosed cattle louse: Linognathus vituli • shortnosed cattle louse: Haematopinus eurysternus • Head/ neck/ brisket: winter to early spring • LC: 4 wks. • C.S: pruritus, unthrifty appearance and a rough coat, anemia (rare severe infestation) Linognathus vituli, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial Haematopinus eurysternus, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

  20. MITES: MANGE

  21. Psoroptes Sarcoptes Chorioptes Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, and Psoroptescan be easily differentiated by leg stalk characteristic and mouthparts. Speciation is more difficult and usually requires an expert acarologist.

  22. Mange Mites • Sarcoptes scabiel • Transmission: contagious, spread by direct contact or indirectly by fomites. • LC: 3 weeks • CS: head, neck, and shoulders: pruritus is intense, papules develop into crusts • Diagnosis: deep skin scrapings • Zoonotic and reportable Sarcoptes scabiei var bovis, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

  23. Mange Mites • Psoroptesspp (most damaging) • LC: 3 wks. • C.S.: Intense pruritus, lichenification, secondary bacterial infections, weight loss, dec. milk production • Signalment: calves • Dx: skin scrapings Psoroptes ovis, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

  24. Mange Mites • Leg mange: Chorioptes spp. • most common type of mange in cattle in the USA • L.C: 3 weeks • C.S: papules, crusts, and ulcerations on the legs and can spread to the udder, scrotum, tail, and perineal area • Reportable in some states Chorioptes bovis, female. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

  25. Mange Mites • Demodexbovis • C.S: damages hide, follicular papules and nodules: withers, neck, back, and flanks • Dx: deep skin scrapings • Usually resolves with time

  26. Mange lesions

  27. Mosquitoes • Mosquitoes are small insects: piercing-sucking mouthparts • Female mosquitoes suck blood • C.S: painful bites, unthriftiness, and occasionally death by suffocation or heavy blood loss

  28. TICKS

  29. TICKS • Body is a fusion of the thorax and abdomen produces a sac-like, leathery appearance. • Class Arachnida • Bears recurved teeth • 4 developmental stages: egg, 6-legged seed or larval stage, 8-legged nymphal stage and 8-legged adult.

  30. Babesiosis • Babesiosis: Red water fever • Boophilus annulatus • Vector for Babesia bigemina: PROTOZOA • L.C: May/June, moving cattle to new pasture • Signalment: Cattle, small ruminants, water buffalo, reindeer, American bison • C.S: inflammation, itching and swelling at the bite site, regenerative anemia: red urine, abortion, unthrifty, neurological signs (seizures, blindness) • Dx: blood smear • Tx: tetracycline Babesia/ Piroplasmosis in blood smear: Wright or giemsa stain

  31. Anaplasmosis • Transmission • Vector borne • Ticks: Dermacentor andersoni, Boophilus, Rhipicephalus , Ixodes , Hyalomma , and Ornithodoros • blood sucking flies and mosquitoes. • mechanical vector: scalpels, needles, and tatoo • Organism: Anaplasma marginale, rickettsial • Signalment: cattle, sheep, goats, wild ruminants; > 3 yrs; carriers for life, bos taurus RMSF

  32. Anaplasmosis • C.S: progressive anemia • peracute • Acute: febrile, lose condition rapidly, anorexia, dec. milk production, GI: constipation, depressed rumination, brown urine (hemoglobinuria does not occur), abortions, cerebral anoxia > aggressive • Tx: tetracycline Anaplasma marginale infection in bovine blood, Wright-Giemsa, 100X oil immersion. Intracellular organisms appear as basophilic, spherical inclusions that are generally located near the margin of erythrocytes. Frequent echinocytes are present. The hemat Courtesy of Dr. John W. Harvey

  33. References • Holtgrew-Bohling, Kristin, Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary technicians, 2nd edition, Elsevier, 2012 • http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ig130 • http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-1932/VTMD-7000web.pdf • http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/bovine_babesiosis.pdf • http://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/extension/beef/current-events/anaplasmosis-iowa • 5 minute veterinary consult: Ruminant • http://www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/vmth/agpract/articles/Common_Flies.pdf • http://www.uwyo.edu/vetsci/courses/patb_4110/2-7/class_notes.htm#Ectoparasites_of_cattle • www.vetmed.isu.edu

  34. References • http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vetext/INF-DA/INF-DA_HEARTWATER.HTML • http://www.animalhealth.bayer.com/3380.0.html • http://parasitology.cvm.ncsu.edu/quiz/ruminant/exam3/ruminantquizFQ.php • http://vetpda.ucdavis.edu/parasitolog/Parasite.cfm?ID=40

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