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Brains

Brains. By: Olivia Honigman. Nervous System. Central -spinal cord and brain -receives information -sends instructions Peripheral -nerves -sends messages between brain and body. Other parts. Limbic system: Thalamus- sensory and motor functions

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Brains

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  1. Brains By: Olivia Honigman

  2. Nervous System • Central -spinal cord and brain -receives information -sends instructions • Peripheral -nerves -sends messages between brain and body

  3. Other parts Limbic system: • Thalamus- sensory and motor functions • Hypothalamus- emotion (hunger, thirst…etc), homeostasis, rhythms. • Amygdale- memory, emotion, fear • Hippocampus- learning and memory Cerebellum: -helps to coordinate movement (balance, position…ect) Brain stem: -connects brain to spinal cord, control involuntary muscles, and sorts messages that brain and body send back and forth Spinal cord: -connects peripheral nervous system to brain

  4. Central Nervous system: The Brain • 2 cerebral hemispheres • Sits in viscous fluid- shock absorber • Different lobes: • Frontal Lobe: reasoning, planning parts of speech, emotions, and problem solving. • Pariental Lobe: movement, orientation, recognition, and perception of stimuli. • Occipital Lobe: visual processing • Temporal Lobe: perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech.

  5. Peripheral Nervous System • We are born with neurons but not all are connected • Throughout life, connections in the brain are created as neurons pass messages to each other • Explains why things are harder at first but become second nature (such as bike riding). • Difficult to learn things as you grow older because brain has a harder time making new neuron paths

  6. Nerves • Neurons run throughout body and carry messages back and forth • 3 different types: Sensory= send messages to brain through spinal cord Motor nerves= carry messages back from brain to muscles Interneurons= transfer and interpret impulses • Pass messages by chemistry- become stimulated (heat, cold, touch, sound…etc) and generate electric pulse • electricity + chemical change travel full length of neuron to “fingers” and are passed on to the next neuron • Neurotransmitters= allow impulses to go across cell gaps

  7. Right brain vs. Left brain • Right and Left cerebral hemispheres • Right side of brain controls left side of body and vice versa • Separated by corpus callosum- a thick band of fibers that allows them to communicate and work together • Many common misconceptions -right brain being used only for creative things, and left brain being used only for linear things such as math- it’s not that simple • Right side of brain= spatial abilities, face recognition, visual imagery, • Left side of brain= language, math, logic

  8. Research • In 1870s Paula Broca and Karl Wenicke (neurosurgeons) observed that people with damage to left side of brain had speech and language problems • People with damage on the right side however, didn’t have these problems as often • Brain named after their discoveries- Broca area (production of language center of left side of brain) and Wenicke (processing of words)

  9. More research • Great deal of information comes from people whose hemispheres have been split (surgery for epileptic patients) • Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzniga- studied patients with this surgery • Patients appeared to be normal after surgery • Used tachistoscope to present visual information to one hemisphere or the other- the person must focus on a point in the center of the visual field • Noticed that a patient with language in left hemisphere would be able to see a word flashed on right side of dot, but not on left

  10. Handedness • In most right-handed people (around 90%) language is controlled in left side of brain • In left-handed people as well however, around 70% have language controlled on left side of brain. • This causes handedness to be confusing to many scientists- a phenomenon not quite understood • Also a dominant eye and ear. • Eyes compensate for split of hemispheres- are able to communicate with both left and right brain.

  11. Music and brains • Music= vibrations the brain must give order to • Music training can shift some music processing from right hemisphere to left hemisphere • Many studies around music and its affect on the brain • Many different theories about it • Some have more proof than others

  12. Gets brain working • Data from UCLA brain scan research studies show that music involves brain functions more fully than any other activity • Dr. Levitin (cognitive psychologist who runs Laboratory for Music Perception, Cognition, and Expertise, at McGill) observed 13 people listening to music with and MRI -found “a cascade of brain activity”- music registers in multiple parts of brain -stimulates physical control centers- brain tries to guess where the music will go next

  13. Improves spacial abilities • Classical music is processed in the brain using passages that are similar to those used for spatial reasoning • Several studies have shown that children who took piano lessons for 6 months improved ability to work puzzles and solve other spatial tasks by as much as 30 percent

  14. Improves memory • In 1982 researchers set out to find the effect of combining music and memory -chose 300 graduates and post graduates with PhDs, and split them into two groups. One group was taught vocab words with no other sound in the room, and the other was taught vocab words with classical music in background -later when asked to recall words could remember almost all the words, while the other group could hardly remember any. • This could be because of the amygdala -it is the emotional center of your brain and aids in the sorting of memories -music tends to have an emotional affect on the brain- the amygdala would have tagged the memory as something more important when listening to music -scientists are still trying to discover the mystery of our strong reactions to music- why does it make us so emotional? • Not all tests prove that music works this powerfully, but do show that music is better than no background noise in many cases

  15. Music sparks memory • Memories= encoded in a group of neurons that when configured in a certain way, will cause a memory to be retrieved and replayed • The more we access the memory, the most active the retrieval circuits become • Music you have listened to at certain moments, is cross coded with the events of those times.

  16. Music used in therapy • Music has been used to help people suffering from all different types of brain injuries and disabilities • Strokes: -stroke patients who have had damage to the left side of their brain are unable to use language, but are able to reach right side of brain which has some language capabilities -singing or playing music can engage the right hemisphere -some patients have been able to talk again after numerous sessions of music therapy

  17. Music Savants • Savant syndrome= condition in which people of severe developmental disabilities display astonishing brilliance or talent that most people are incapable of • Not always autistic (common misconception)- sometimes appears after stroke, seizure, or other illness or head injury. • Often are uncomfortable interacting with people and don’t have fully developed emotions • Have trouble with seemingly simple tasks • Savant syndrome does not yet have an explanation- there are only theories

  18. Theories: • Inherited skills • Eidetic imagery- “seeing” an object that is no longer objectively present • Left brain imagery with right brain compensation -most plausible -studies have shown that many savants have left hemisphere damage -also damage to higher-level, cognitive memory with compensatory take over of lower level, habit memory

  19. A movie!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6HCXx8U6Ko

  20. Works Cited Pictures: • http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html • http://visual.merriam-webster.com/human-being/anatomy/nervous-system/peripheral-nervous-system.php • http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/adapthandbook/learner/cdbrain.html • http://www.msnsymbols.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/msn-music-note-symbol-300x280.jpg • http://www.tobywilliams.net/therapy.sht • http://www.karger.com/gazette/70/altenmueller/art_4.htm • http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/09/25/60minutes/main575161.shtml Sources: • Levitin, Daniel J. This Is Your Brain on Music: the Science of a Human Obsession. New York, NY: Dutton, 2006. Print. • "Brain and Nervous System." KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. Web. 09 June 2011. <http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/brain_nervous_system.html>. • "Neuroscience For Kids - Hemispheres." UW Faculty Web Server. Web. 09 June 2011. <http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/split.html>. • Pearce, Alicia. "Music and Memory Go Hand In Glove." Songs of Scripture Written for the Purpose of Memorization & Edification. Web. 10 June 2011. <http://www.songsofscripture.com/music-and-memory.html>. • A., Darold. "Autism Today, Latest News and Resources for Autism and Autism Related Issues."TWM - World Leader in Advanced Weather Modification. Web. 10 June 2011. <http://twm.co.nz/savsyndr.html>. • "Building Baby's Brain: The Role of Music." Education Oasis - Teaching Resources for Educators. Web. 09 June 2011. <http://www.educationoasis.com/resources/Articles/building_babys_brain.htm>. • President and Fellows of Harvard College. "The Pleasure of Improvising." Heath and Wellness Resource Center. Gale Cengage Learning, 2009. Web. • Thompson, Clive. "Music of the Hemispheres." The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 09 June 2011. Web. 09 June 2011. <http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/arts/music/31thom.html?pagewanted=3>.

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