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Exercise Behavior Management. Too Many “Obligations” ?. What is a behavior?. Behaviors have dimensions that can be measured : A. Frequency —number of times a behavior occurs B. Duration —time from which a behavior begins until it ends
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What is a behavior? • Behaviors have dimensions that can be measured: • A. Frequency —number of times a behavior occurs • B. Duration —time from which a behavior begins until it ends • C. Intensity—physical force involved in the behavior • Frequency, Duration, and Intensity are all physical dimensions of behavior Behaviors can be: • 1.observed • 2.described • 3.recorded
Exercise and Sedentary Activities are behaviors….. • Risk Behaviors • Those that increase the susceptibility to negative health outcomes • Sedentary behaviors are risk behaviors. • The dimensions of riskbehaviorscanbemodified • Change duration of behavior • Change the frequency of the behavior • Change the “impact” (intensity) of the behavior
Behavior Modification • Focus is on the behavior. It is designed to change the behavior, not a characteristic or trait of the individual. Therefore, it de-emphasizes labeling • The behavior to be changed is called the Target Behavior (Sedentary Lifestyle) • Behavioral excess (Sedentary Activity) is an undesirable target behavior that needs to be decreased in frequency, duration, and intensity. • Behavioral deficit (Physical Activity) is a desirable target behavior that is seeking to be increased in frequency, duration, and intensity
Behavior Modification • Emphasis is on current environmental events. Involves assessment and modification of the current environment that is functionally related to the behavior . • What are the environmental events that promote sedentary behavior and devalue exercise behavior?
Environmental Factors Once these controlling variables are identified they are altered to modify the behavior.
Behavior Modification • Predisposing Factors (what you already have) can influence behavior change: • Knowledge • Beliefs • Values • Attitudes • Culture • Accessibility to Health Information and Care
Behavior Modification • Enabling Factors (what can help you) can influence behavior change: • Resources • Skills (physical and mental) • Time / Schedule • Money
Behavior Modification • Reinforcing Factors (what champions the behavior)can influence behavior change: • Incentive and Rewards • Family Support • Peer support • Reinforcement (see next slide) • Positive • Negative
Behavior Modification Reinforcement • Definition: Reinforcement is a process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably (consistently) follows it occurrence. It can be either positive or negative. In other words……When a behavior is strengthened it is more likely to occur in the future
Behavior Modification Positive Reinforcement Definition: • The occurrence of a behavior • Is followed by the addition of a stimulus or increase in the intensity of a stimulus • Which strengthens the behavior Negative Reinforcement Definition: • The occurrence of a behavior • Is followed by the removal of a stimulus or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus • Which strengthens the behavior
Behavior Modification Example of Positive Reinforcement (R+) • Begin an exercise program • After one week, loses two pounds • Increases the frequency of exercise to lose more weight Example of Negative Reinforcement (R+) • Stops exercising on a consistent schedule • Begins gaining weight (looks and feels worse) • Increases the frequency of exercise to lose more weight (ie. remove the weight gain)
Behavior Modification • In R+ the stimulus that is presented or appears following a behavior is called a positive reinforcer • In R- the stimulus that is removed or avoided following a behavior is called an aversive stimulus • Difference between R+ and R- is that in R+ a response produces a stimulus (positive reinforcer) • Whereas, in R- a response removes or prevents the occurrence of a stimulus (aversive stimulus) • In both cases, the behavior is likely to occur again in the future. • Some confuse Negative Reinforcement with Punishment. They are not the same!!! • Negative Reinforcement, like Positive Reinforcement increases or strengthens the behavior • Punishment, in contrast and by definition, decreases or weakens a behavior
Behavior Modification Key Points on Reinforcement…. • Exercise must be a positive reinforcer (What are the positive benefits to exercise?) • Exercise must remove the aversive stimulus (What benefits will you lose if you do not exercise?) • Exercise should never be experienced as punishment
Where to begin…Behavior Modification • Analyzing Exercise Behavior • Frequency • Duration • Seriousness • Perceived seriousness • Perceived susceptibility • Cues to action • Basis for problem behavior • Antecedents • Exercise Readiness(hyperlink)