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GRADE 9 Chemistry Review

GRADE 9 Chemistry Review. Concepts you should have learned last year, but you may need a refresher!!. Classification of Matter. Matter is anything that has mass and volume. Type of matter with definite and constant composition and distinct chemical properties. Pure substances can either be:.

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GRADE 9 Chemistry Review

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  1. GRADE 9 Chemistry Review Concepts you should have learned last year, but you may need a refresher!!

  2. Classification of Matter

  3. Matter is anything that has mass and volume

  4. Type of matter with definite and constant composition and distinct chemical properties

  5. Pure substances can either be: • a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical means (E.g., Hydrogen, H) • made of two or more elements that are combined chemically (E.g., water, H2O)

  6. A combination of 2 or more pure substances

  7. Mixtures can be: • There is only one phase of the mixture visable • Solution – the different substances are not individually visible (e.g, Kool-Aid) • There are two or more phases to the mixture are visible • TYPES ARE: • Mechanical Mixture – different substances that make up mixture are visible (e.g., salt and pepper & party mix) • Suspension – cloudy mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another (e.g, V8 juice)

  8. The Periodic Table • Rows: Periods. • Columns: Groups/Families. • Left-hand side: metals (except for H) • Group I: Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, etc) • Group II: Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, etc) • Middle groups are transition metals (Ti, V, Fe, Cu, etc) • Staircase: metalloids • Right-hand side: nonmetals • Group VII B: Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) • Group VIII: Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, etc)

  9. Diatomic Elements • The following elements only exist as two-atom molecules: • H2 – hydrogen • N2 – nitrogen • O2 – oxygen • F2 – fluorine • Cl2 – chlorine • Br2 – bromine • I2 - iodine

  10. The Atom Nucleus – protons and neutrons Electrons orbiting the nucleus Electrons are the only particles that move Neutrons and protons are stuck in the nucleus The number of protons determines the identity of the atom

  11. Subatomic Particle Symbol Relative Mass Charge Location Proton p+ 1 +1 In the nucleus Neutron n0 1 0 In the nucleus Electron e- 0 -1 Orbiting the nucleus Subatomic Particles

  12. Standard Notation Atomic # = # p+ Mass Number Mass # = # p+ + # n0 #n0 = Mass # – Atomic # 23 Na 11 # e- = # p+ (in a neutral atom) Atomic Number Symbol (Upper case followed by lower case)

  13. Shell # Max. # of e- 1 2 2 8 3 8 Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams Atomic # = # p+ = 7 #p+ = # e- = 7 # n0 = 14 – 7 = 7 14 N 7 Valence # (aka Combining Capacity) Is the number of unpaired electrons In the valence shell Valence # = 3 Remember: 7 p+ 7 n0 Outermost shell = valence shell

  14. Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams Noble Gases: 4 He All shells are full; all electrons are paired up – indication of stability 2 2 p+ 2 n0 20 10 p+ 10 n0 Ne 10 18 p+ 22 n0 40 Ar 18

  15. Now it is your turn to draw some Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams on the template provided and answer the questions that follow.

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