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Paragraph 2.4. A highly developed culture. The world of the gods. The Egyptians believed in many gods : Ra/Re : God of the sun . Osiris: god of the underworld Seth: god of the dessert Isis: Goddess of fertility Nephthys : Goddess of underworld and birth
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Paragraph 2.4 A highlydeveloped culture
The world of the gods • The Egyptiansbelieved in manygods: • Ra/Re : God of the sun. • Osiris: god of the underworld • Seth: god of the dessert • Isis: Goddess of fertility • Nephthys: Goddess of underworldandbirth • Horus: god of the sky
Gods • They had hundreds of gods. • Soms wereworshippedbyallEgyptians, somegodsonlyby a few Egyptians. • Sometimesgodswerecombined: • Amon, god of wind, became Amon-Ra, the highest god.
Housesfor the gods • The Egyptians built tempels for the gods, oftenwithinscriptions. • Two types: • 1. Templestohonour a particular god • 2. Mortuarytemplesdesignedtohonour a pharaohafter his death. • This was built in the vicinity of royal tombs
Temples • Front: 2 high wallswith a gate. • Behindit was a court with a roof anddecoratedcolumns. • Inside was a statue of a god or the pharaoh.
Egyptiansbelieved the soul of the godslived in the statue. • The statue was waken everydaywithchanting. The statue was dressedand food was offered • Only the pharaohandpriestscould do this.
On special days the priestscarried the statueoutside in a procession. • The temple site alsohoused storage housesand workshops. • Also a school for the scribesand a libary.
Eternal life • Belief in the afterlife was very important. • A lot of architectureandart are about it. • The soulslived on in the afterlife. • But youneedyour body. • Soyour body has tobe a mummy! • This way your body does notdecay.
Mummy • Take the organs out, put them in jars. They go into the grave. • Brains were taken out through the nose. • Dry the body in saltfor 40 days. • Rubit in with resin (=hars) andoils. • Wrap the body in linnen.
The tomb • The tomb was furnishedlike a house. • There was furniture, food and drinks. • Clothing, jewelry. • Figurinesrepresentedservants, theywould take care of the pharaohafter his death.
Monumentsforeternity • The largestmonumentswere built forpharaoahs. • Calledpyramids. • Built from 2650 BC on. • The biggest is close toGiza. • The Egyptiansweregoodorganisersandweregoodwithtechniques.
Later pharaohsdidn’t built pyramidsanymore. • They had underground tombscarved in rocks in the Valley of the Kings. • LikeTutankhamon
Art for the afterlife • The walls of the tombswerepaintedwith the life of the deceased person. • Craftsmenwouldpaintthis. • Theywouldpaint his job and the life in the afterlife, without illness, povertyandoldage. • So we know a lot abouttheir life.
Fromthose pictures we know a lot abouttheir life. • Fishing, bakingbread, waging wars, blowingglass, praying, celebrating. • These pictures wereanEgyptiantradition.
Sculpture • Craftsmenwereveryskilled at working rock. • Stonemasonsshapedlimestone, sandstoneandgranite. • Theycanalsouse the technique of carving pictures in relief. • This is howtheydepicted the deeds of the pharaoh on walls.
Practical science • Egypt was a highlydeveloped culture. • Science: solving practical problems. • Theyknew a lot aboutrocksandminirals. • Sotheyknewhowto built monumentsandhowtomake paint.
Theyknewmathsformeasuring the fieldsafter the flood of the Nile. Theyknewgeometry. • Theyusedgeometryfor building a pyramid. • Theyused: set square and the spirit level. • (= geodriehoek en waterpas)
Looking at the stars • They made a calendarbased on the study of stars. • 12 months of 30 days, and a 13th monthwoth 5 days. • 3 seasons: flooding, winter andsummer. • Theyknewthatwhen the star Sirius was high up the sky, the floodwouldcome.
