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CNS Stimulants

CNS Stimulants. Factsheets J. Meyer. What are CNS Stimulants?. Minor stimulants. Major stimulants. S imilar to neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and epinephrine.

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CNS Stimulants

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  1. CNS Stimulants Factsheets J. Meyer

  2. What are CNS Stimulants? • Minor stimulants Major stimulants • Similar to neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and epinephrine. • Increase release of neurotransmitters incl. serotonin, or block their metabolism in brain & peripheral nerves of sympathetic nervous system

  3. Street Names Of Cocaine Blow, Coke, Crack, Dream, Foo-foo dust, King’s habit, Snow, Witch Electric kool-aid, Mighty white, Rock, Sevenup,Twinkie,Yam.

  4. History of Amphetamines: • Synthesized in 1887 • Euphoric and fatigue masking properties described in 1927 • Widely abused as Benzedrine inhalers 1932 • Used for diet control and alertness/counteract fatigue in WWII and subsequent wars • Inhalers withdrawn in 1971

  5. 1919:METHAMPHETAMINEdeveloped by pharmacologist in Japan, for anti-fatigue, alertness and well-being. 1945-1950s: Post-war Japan has first meth epidemic. It spreads to Guam, the U.S. Marshall Islands and to U.S. West Coast. 1950s: Still marketed for therapeutic reasons. 1960s: Doctors inject meth to treat heroin addiction. Users cook drug. 1970: Regulated in the Controlled Substances Act. 1980s: Mexican manufacturers bring meth into US. Smoked Meth is introduced. 1990s: New ways to cook produce stronger meth. Greatest use in the Southwest and West. Isolation brings Meth cooking to rural Midwest. 1996:Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act, regulates mail order and chemical companies selling precursor chemicals.

  6. Over the Counter Drugs (Minor Stimulants) Physiological Effects of Xanthines: CNS arousal Less boredom & drowsiness Increasing High Doses: Insomnia Anxiety Muscle twitches Nausea Respitory failure/death Sympathomimetics Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine, Tetrahydrozoline (decongestants) Herbals Caffeine(xanthine): Excedrin, Anacin (analgesics) NoDoz Vivarin (alert)

  7. These drugs are performance enhancing – abuse is common Dependency: Craving for substance in order to function adequately

  8. Neurological Effects of Stimulant Abuse Cocaine binds to the receptors causing excess release of dopamine. Meth binds and also prevents reuptake, causing greater dopamine flooding. This causes the “rush” that damages and decreases receptors, causing tolerance and then dependence.

  9. Physiological Effects & Health Risks of Abuse of Cocaine & Meth Cocaine: Euphoria mixed with dysphoria Followed shortly (15 mins) by crash: Hallucinations Tremors Delusions of persecution Depression Anxiety Repetitive behaviors Craving Tolerance & Dependency Cardiac & lung damage Blood vessel damage CNS damage (hemorrhage, seizure, Headaches) Damage to ears, nose , throat Fetal damage Unprotected sex HIV, Hepatitis, STD’s Methamphetamine: Euphoria (high lasts 4-16hrs) Confidence Energy Motivation Repetitive behaviors Tolerance & Dependency, Bingeing Elevated body temperature, respiratory rate & blood pressure Brain damage Liver damage Body odor Acne & sores, itching Anorexia Hair & tooth loss Psychosis, Depression Aggression Fetal deformity Unprotected sex HIV, Hepatitis, STD’s PP

  10. Meth Withdrawal • 1) Tweaking: Occurs at the end of rush/binge period • Emptiness and craving • Loss of sense of identity • Insomnia for days • Hostility & self-mutilation. • 2)The Crash—body shuts down • Sleep one to three days. • 3) Meth Hangover—After the crash • Starved, dehydrated and exhausted – 2-14 days • Enforced addiction- taking more meth. • 4) Withdrawal—30-90 days pass after last drug use • Depression, energy loss, anhedonia, craving, suicidality. • Meth withdrawal is extremely painful and difficult: fever, diarrhea, vomiting • 93% of those in traditional treatment return to abusing methamphetamine. • 44444 Bugs crawling under skin Hallucinations Psychotic state

  11. Cocaine Withdrawal Crash: after high Depression Agitation Suicidal thoughts Fatigue CC Withdrawal: Mood rebound swings Craving Anhedonia Hunger Insomnia Physical retardation/agitation Obsessive drug seeking Cocaine is powerfully addictive PSYCHOLOGICAL ADDICTION shown by major personality change and drug seeking PHYSICAL ADDICTION requires the drug to function – shown by fatigue & increased appetite. Extinction: Mood swings Normal pleasure return Triggers for craving

  12. References • Foundation for a drug free world. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/crystalmeth/the-stages-of-the-meth-experience.html • Hanson, G. R., Venturelli, P. J., & Fleckenstein, A. E. (2001). Drugs and society. (11th ed.). Salt Lake City, Utah: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. • The partnership at drug free. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.drugfree.org/drug-guide/prescription-stimulants • Volkow, N. D. (2010, March). Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/methamphetamine • What to expect from cocaine withdrawal and how to feel better. (2010, August 12). Retrieved from http://addictions.about.com/od/cocaine/a/What-To-Expect-From-Cocaine-Withdrawal.htm

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