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General Licensing Class “G6”

General Licensing Class “G6”. Presented by Your Organization Here Date here. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation. ELEMENT 3 SUB-ELEMENTS G1 – Commission’s Rules G2 – Operating Procedures G3 – Radio Wave Propagation G4 – Amateur Radio Practices G5 – Electrical Principles

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General Licensing Class “G6”

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  1. General Licensing Class“G6” Presented by Your Organization Here Date here

  2. General Class Element 3 Course Presentation ELEMENT 3 SUB-ELEMENTS G1 – Commission’s Rules G2 – Operating Procedures G3 – Radio Wave Propagation G4 – Amateur Radio Practices G5 – Electrical Principles G6 – Circuit Components G7 – Practical Circuits G8 – Signals and Emissions G9 – Antennas G0 – Electrical and RF Safety 2

  3. G6 … Circuit Components G6A • Resistors; capacitors; inductors • If the temperature of a carbon resistor is increased, the resistance will change depending on the resistor's temperature coefficient rating. • The main disadvantage of using a conventional wire-wound resistor in a resonant circuit is the resistor's inductance could detune the circuit. • A thermistor is a device having a controlled change in resistance with temperature variations.

  4. Circuit Components … Resistors, wire-wound and carbon

  5. G6 … Circuit Components G6A • Resistors; capacitors; inductors (cont) • An Electrolytic type of capacitor is often used in power-supply circuits to filter the rectified AC. • An advantage of an electrolytic capacitor is the high capacitance for given volume. Filter capacitors Transformer

  6. G6 … Circuit Components G6A • Resistors; capacitors; inductors (cont) • The primary advantage of ceramic capacitors is the comparatively low cost • The common name for a capacitor connected across a transformer secondary that is used to absorb transient voltage spikes is Suppressor capacitor.

  7. G6 … Circuit Components G6A • Resistors; capacitors; inductors(cont) • One effect of lead inductance in a capacitor used at VHF and above is effective capacitance may be reduced. • Long leads on left not good for VHF and above. • Capacitor on right is better suited fro VHF and above.

  8. G6 … Circuit Components G6A • Resistors; capacitors; inductors (cont) • The advantages of using a ferrite core with a toroidal inductor are: • Large values of inductance may be obtained • The magnetic properties of the core may be optimized for a specific range of frequencies • Most of the magnetic field is contained in the core [All of these choices are correct]

  9. G6 … Circuit Components G6A • Resistors; capacitors; inductors (cont) • Two solenoid inductors should be placed with their winding axes at right angles to each another to minimize their mutual inductance. • It might be important to minimize the mutual inductance between two inductors to reduce or eliminate unwanted coupling.

  10. G6 … Circuit Components G6A • Resistors; capacitors; inductors (cont) • An effect of inter-turn capacitance in an inductor is the inductor may become self resonant at some frequencies. • The common name for an inductor used to help smooth the DC output from the rectifier in a conventional power supply is a Filter choke.

  11. G6 … Circuit Components G6B • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries • The peak-inverse-voltage rating of a rectifier is the maximum voltage the rectifier will handle in the non-conducting direction. • The two major ratings that must not be exceeded for silicon-diode rectifiers are Peak Inverse Voltage and Average Forward Current.

  12. G6 … Circuit Components G6B • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries (cont) • The approximate junction threshold voltage of a germanium diode is 0.3 volts. • The approximate junction threshold voltage of a silicon diode is 0.7 volts. • An advantage of using a Schottky diode in an RF switching circuit as compared to a standard silicon diode is lower capacitance.

  13. G6 … Circuit Components G6B • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries (cont) • When two or more diodes are connected in parallel to increase current handling capacity, the purpose of the resistor connected in series with each diode is to ensure that one diode doesn't carry most of the current.

  14. G6 … Circuit Components G6B Power transistors Small Signal • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries (cont) • It is often necessary to insulate the case of a large power transistor to avoid shorting the collector or drain voltage to ground. Insulating wafer

  15. G6 … Circuit Components G6B • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries (cont) • In the construction of a MOSFET the gate is separated from the channel with a thin insulating layer. • A Field Effect Transistor (FET) is a solid state device and is most like a vacuum tube in its general characteristics.

  16. G6 … Circuit Components G6B • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries (cont) • The stable operating points for a bipolar transistor that is used as a switch in a logic circuit are the transistor’s saturation and cut-off regions.

  17. G6 … Circuit Components G6B • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries (cont) • The Control Grid element of a triode vacuum tube is used to regulate the flow of electrons between cathode and plate. • The primary purpose of a screen grid in a vacuum tube is to reduce grid‑to‑plate capacitance.

  18. G6 … Circuit Components Triode Tube Transmitter Transmitter output tube Triode tube circuit

  19. G6 … Circuit Components G6B • Rectifiers; solid state diodes and transistors; solar cells; vacuum tubes; batteries (cont) • The minimum allowable discharge voltage for maximum life of a standard 12 volt lead acid battery is 10.5 volts. • An advantage of the low internal resistance of Nickel Cadmium batteries is high discharge current. • It is never acceptable to recharge a carbon-zinc primary cell. • A Nickel Metal Hydride battery is a rechargeable battery. Abbreviated Ni-MH

  20. G6 … Circuit ComponentsG6C • Analog and digital integrated circuits (IC’s); microprocessors; memory; I/O devices; microwave IC’s (MMIC’s); display devices • Linear voltage regulator is an analog integrated circuit.

  21. G6 … Circuit ComponentsG6C • Analog and digital integrated circuits (IC’s); microprocessors; memory; I/O devices; microwave IC’s (MMIC’s); display devices (cont) • An operational amplifier is an Analog type of integrated circuit.

  22. G6 - Circuit ComponentsG6C • Analog and digital integrated circuits (IC’s); microprocessors; memory; I/O devices; microwave IC’s (MMIC’s); display devices (cont) • CMOS is the most commonly used digital logic family of integrated circuits. • An advantage of CMOS Logic integrated circuits compared to TTL logic circuits is the low power consumption.

  23. G6 … Circuit ComponentsG6C • Analog and digital integrated circuits (IC’s); microprocessors; memory; I/O devices; microwave IC’s (MMIC’s); display devices (cont) • A microprocessor is a miniature computer on a single integrated circuit chip. “Micro” refers to very tiny; processor ~ computer. • Read Only Memory = (ROM) • When memory is characterized as “non-volatile” the stored information is maintained even if power is removed.

  24. G6 … Circuit ComponentsG6C • Analog and digital integrated circuits (IC’s); microprocessors; memory; I/O devices; microwave IC’s (MMIC’s); display devices(cont) • A Computer and transceiver are two devices in an amateur radio station that might be connected using a USB interface. • The transceivers can be controlled totally by a computer, through a USB interface. (HRD for example) • Monolithic MicrowaveIntegrated Circuit = (MMIC) • The keyword is “Microwave.”

  25. G6 … Circuit ComponentsG6C • Analog and digital integrated circuits (IC’s); microprocessors; memory; I/O devices; microwave IC’s (MMIC’s); display devices (cont) • One disadvantage of an incandescent indicator compared to a LED is the high power consumption. • Light Emitting Diodes are more efficient than ordinary light bulbs. • An LED is Forward Biased when emitting light. • A liquid crystal display requires ambient or back lighting. (Schematic symbol for LED)

  26. Element 3 General Class Question Pool SUB-ELEMENT G6 – CIRCUIT COMPONENTS Valid July 1, 2007 Through June 30, 2011

  27. G6A01 What will happen to the resistance if the temperature of a carbon resistor is increased? • It will increase by 20% for every 10 degrees centigrade • It will stay the same • It will change depending on the resistor's temperature coefficient rating • It will become time dependent

  28. G6A02 What type of capacitor is often used in power-supply circuits to filter the rectified AC? • Disc ceramic • Vacuum variable • Mica • Electrolytic

  29. G6A03 Which of the following is the primary advantage of ceramic capacitors? • Tight tolerance • High stability • High capacitance for given volume • Comparatively low cost

  30. G6A04 Which of the following is an advantage of an electrolytic capacitor? • Tight tolerance • Non-polarized • High capacitance for given volume • Inexpensive RF capacitor

  31. G6A05 Which of the following is one effect of lead inductance in a capacitor used at VHF and above? • Effective capacitance may be reduced • Voltage rating may be reduced • ESR may be reduced • The polarity of the capacitor might become reversed

  32. G6A06 What is the main disadvantage of using a conventional wire-wound resistor in a resonant circuit? • The resistor's tolerance value would not be adequate for such a circuit • The resistor's inductance could detune the circuit • The resistor could overheat • The resistor's internal capacitance would detune the circuit

  33. G6A07 What is an advantage of using a ferrite core with a toroidal inductor? • Large values of inductance may be obtained • The magnetic properties of the core may be optimized for a specific range of frequencies • Most of the magnetic field is contained in the core • All of these choices are correct

  34. G6A08 How should two solenoid inductors be placed so as to minimize their mutual inductance? • In line with their winding axis • With their winding axes parallel to each other • With their winding axes at right angles to each another • Within the same shielded enclosure

  35. G6A09 Why might it be important to minimize the mutual inductance between two inductors? • To increase the energy transfer between both circuits • To reduce or eliminate unwanted coupling • To reduce conducted emissions • To increase the self-resonant frequency of both inductors

  36. G6A10 What is an effect of inter-turn capacitance in an inductor? • The magnetic field may become inverted • The inductor may become self resonant at some frequencies • The permeability will increase • The voltage rating may be exceeded

  37. G6A11 What is the common name for a capacitor connected across a transformer secondary that is used to absorb transient voltage spikes? • Clipper capacitor • Trimmer capacitor • Feedback capacitor • Suppressor capacitor

  38. G6A12 What is the common name for an inductor used to help smooth the DC output from the rectifier in a conventional power supply? • Back EMF choke • Repulsion coil • Charging inductor • Filter choke

  39. G6A13 What type of component is a thermistor? • A resistor that is resistant to changes in value with temperature variations • A device having a controlled change in resistance with temperature variations • A special type of transistor for use at very cold temperatures • A capacitor that changes value with temperature

  40. G6B01 What is the peak-inverse-voltage rating of a rectifier? • The maximum voltage the rectifier will handle in the conducting direction • 1.4 times the AC frequency • The maximum voltage the rectifier will handle in the non-conducting direction • 2.8 times the AC frequency

  41. G6B02 What are the two major ratings that must not be exceeded for silicon-diode rectifiers? • Peak inverse voltage; average forward current • Average power; average voltage • Capacitive reactance; avalanche voltage • Peak load impedance; peak voltage

  42. G6B03 What is the approximate junction threshold voltage of a germanium diode? • 0.1 volt • 0.3 volts • 0.7 volts • 1.0 volts

  43. G6B04 When two or more diodes are connected in parallel to increase current handling capacity, what is the purpose of the resistor connected in series with each diode? • The resistors ensure the thermal stability of the power supply • The resistors regulate the power supply output voltage • The resistors ensure that one diode doesn't carry most of the current • The resistors act as swamping resistors in the circuit

  44. G6B05 What is the approximate junction threshold voltage of a silicon diode? • 0.1 volt • 0.3 volts • 0.7 volts • 1.0 volts

  45. G6B06 Which of the following is an advantage of using a Schottky diode in an RF switching circuit as compared to a standard silicon diode? • Lower capacitance • Lower inductance • Longer switching times • Higher breakdown voltage

  46. G6B07 What are the stable operating points for a bipolar transistor that is used as a switch in a logic circuit? • Its saturation and cut-off regions • Its active region (between the cut-off and saturation regions) • Between its peak and valley current points • Between its enhancement and deletion modes

  47. G6B08 Why is it often necessary to insulate the case of a large power transistor? • To increase the beta of the transistor • To improve the power dissipation capability • To reduce stray capacitance • To avoid shorting the collector or drain voltage to ground

  48. G6B09 Which of the following describes the construction of a MOSFET? • The gate is formed by a back-biased junction • The gate is separated from the channel with a thin insulating layer • The source is separated from the drain by a thin insulating later • The source is formed by depositing metal on silicon

  49. G6B10 Which element of a triode vacuum tube is used to regulate the flow of electrons between cathode and plate? • Control grid • Heater • Screen Grid • Suppressor grid

  50. G6B11 Which of the following solid state devices is most like a vacuum tube in its general characteristics? • A bipolar transistor • An FET • A tunnel diode • A varistor

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