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The History, Scope and Structure of the United States Criminal Justice System. U.S. Criminal Justice System History. Early Foundations: Kin Policing System Code of Hammurabi Justinian Code 700 BC Watch & Ward 1285 AD American Colonies - Decentralization - Puritanism
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The History, Scope and Structure of theUnited States Criminal Justice System
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory Early Foundations: • Kin Policing System • Code of Hammurabi • Justinian Code 700 BC • Watch & Ward 1285 AD • American Colonies - Decentralization - Puritanism - “The Watch” Boston 1636 • Sir Robert Peel - England 1829
Criminal Justice in America Presented to the CJ 694 – Comparative Systems By Dr. Richard H. Ward Criminal Justice Center Sam Houston State University
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory United States: • First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia 1833 • First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory United States: • First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia 1833 • First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers • LAPD established 1877
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory United States: • First U.S. PD established in Philadelphia 1833 • First State Police 1835 Texas Rangers • LAPD established 1877 • ISP established 1922 • First Police Academy in San Francisco 1636
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory Three Eras in American Policing: • Political Era 1840 to 1920
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory Three Eras in American Policing: • Political Era 1840 to 1920 • Professional Era 1920 to 1970
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory Three Eras in American Policing: • Political Era 1840 to 1920 • Professional Era 1920 to 1970 • Community Era 1970 -
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory American Policing Today: • 18,760 police agencies • 796,518 sworn officers • 200,000 civilians • budgets total $51 billion • 10 million arrests per year
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCharacteristics of Law Enforcement Agencies 1% • 76% of U.S police agencies employ fewer than 100 sworn officers • 23% employ 100 to 1,000 officers • Only 1% of the nation’s police departments employ over 1,000 officers 23% 76%
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCharacteristics of Law Enforcement Agencies
Federal: Federal Bureau of Investigation Drug Enforcement Administration Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms U.S. Secret Service Postal Inspection State & Local: Housing Police Transit Police School District Police Port Authority Police Fish & Wildlife Water Reclamation U.S. Criminal Justice SystemSpecialized Law Enforcement Agencies
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistorical Roots • English Common Law • Adversarial System - District Attorney - Public Defender • State Sovereignty • Adoption of the U.S. Constitution in 1789 imposed federal on top of local system
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistorical Roots Rights protected by the U.S Constitution: • Right to Due Process • Right to Counsel • Right Confront Witnesses • Right to a Speedy Trial • Right Against Self-Incrimination • Right Against Unreasonable Search & Seizure
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of Corrections Colonial Period: • Public Humiliation • Mutilation & Branding • Imprisonment - those awaiting trail - debtors - vagrants • County Houses of Correction established - Massachusetts Bay 1673 - Pennsylvania 1682
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of Corrections Public Flogging circa 1776
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of Corrections County Work House circa 1776
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of Corrections Colonial Debtors Prison circa 1
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of Corrections 18th & 19th Century: • Theocracy weakened • Less emphasis on public humiliation • Prisons became centerpiece of system • State Penitentiaries established in - Pennsylvania 1776 - Massachusetts 1805 Walnut Street Jail was the first facility used as a penitentiary circa 1776
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemHistory of Corrections Newgate Prison circa 1776
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemScope of Corrections Today Costs of Incarceration: • $25,000 per inmate per year • $69,000 per elderly inmate • life term = $1.5 million • new cell = $100,000
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemScope of Corrections Today Prison population: • 2 million people incarcerated • 4.8 million on parole or probation • Over 6.5 million, or 3% of the population under supervision of criminal justice system • 11 million people are “booked” each year (admitted to a locked facility)
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemSize & Scope American adults touched by criminal justice system on any given day… • 1 in 142 incarcerated • 1 in 38 under correctional supervision • 1 in 28 admitted to jail in course of a year • Police maintain 50 million criminal records
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemAlternatives to Incarceration • Probation • Intensive Probation • Day Reporting Centers • Halfway Houses • Boot Camps • Fines & Restitution • Community Service • Home Detention
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends: Two Reporting Structures
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions Total Crime is down 12 % from its peak in 1991
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions Assault 8% Burglary 19.4% Motor Vehicle Theft 11%
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends: Number of Homicides per Year Homicides down 27% from peak of 24,700 murders in 1991
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Rate versus Other Countries Except for murder, victimization rates in the U.S. are in line with other developed countries
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions Juvenile Crime is increasing at an alarming rate...
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends: Number of Offenses in millions • Juvenile Crime is increasing at an alarming rate...
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemJuvenile Arrests as % of Total, by Crime
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemScope of System Today Costs of Crime: • $50 billion per year in lost revenue • $5 billion in health care costs • $65 billion spent on private security
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCrime Trends For the last several years we have seen a dramatic decrease in crime throughout the Country… Some Reasons Why: • community policing strategies - more cops on the street - problem solving approach • increase in prison population (3 strikes) • demographic shift (less juveniles)
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCommunity Policing An Alternative Policing Strategy... • Addresses underlying conditions that create crime • Requires officers to draw on wide range of resources • Pushes decision making down through the ranks • Emphasizes problem solving approach • Recognizes expertise of line officers • Greater public involvement
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemCommunity Policing Case Study - Joliet, IL: After Year I... • Homicide down 25% • Part I crimes down 10% • All other crime down 5% “community involvement led directly to major drug and gang related arrests…”
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemPrivatization Growing fear of crime and dissatisfaction with municipal enforcement prompted upsurge in private security… • Consumers and businesses spend $65 billion per year on private security • By the year 2000 there will be 3 private security officers for every 1 sworn police officer
U.S. Criminal Justice SystemTechnology High-Tech Crime Fighting: • DNA Typing • AFIS • Crime Analysis • Surveillance • LoJack Systems • GPS Technology • Video-equipped Cars • Electronic Monitoring
