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AFRI-CAP Award No. 2011-69005-30515

A REGIONAL PROGRAM FOR PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE AGRICULTURAL FEEDSTOCKS AND PROCESSING TO BIOFUELS AND BIOBASED CHEMICALS. Advisory Board Meeting September 9, 2013. AFRI-CAP Award No. 2011-69005-30515. Agenda. Administrative Update Carlen Ensley Sweet Sorghum Update Sonny Viator

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AFRI-CAP Award No. 2011-69005-30515

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  1. A REGIONAL PROGRAM FOR PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE AGRICULTURAL FEEDSTOCKS AND PROCESSING TO BIOFUELS AND BIOBASED CHEMICALS Advisory Board Meeting September 9, 2013 AFRI-CAP Award No. 2011-69005-30515

  2. Agenda Administrative Update Carlen Ensley Sweet Sorghum Update Sonny Viator Energy Cane Update Paul White Overall Project Update Donal Day General Discussion

  3. Administrative Update • Project Director Transition • Year 3 Reapplication • Approved for full amount $3,489,667 • Will be required to reapply every year

  4. Sustainable Feedstock Production Systems Sweet Sorghum H.P. Viator, W. Alison, M. Blazier, K.J. Han, D. Harrell and H. Liechty

  5. Evaluate sweet sorghum hybrids for agronomic performance, inclusive of their ability to maintain juice quality into the fall season, produce commercial yields on marginal soil, respond to low-input sustainable production practices and deliver quantities of feedstock on a schedule that sustains the viability of the biorefinery. Mission Statement

  6. Hairy vetch Crimson clover Utilization of Winter Legumes for N Fertilizer Credit(Alison and Han) Contained an average of 99 lb N/A

  7. Sweet sorghum production following legume incorporation in the soil

  8. Giddings probe to collect the soil samples Sampled to depth of 90 cm Soil C sequestration(Blazier and Liechty)

  9. Evaluation of nutrient management under tillage regimes(Harrell)

  10. Planting hybrids of different maturity (90-days to 150-days) from early April to June allowed for the harvesting from late July through October (Viator)

  11. Harvesting initiated at hard-dough stage Fresh-weight biomass yield ranged from an average of 18 tons/A to an average of 43 tons/A last year. This year yields ranged from 9.1 to 26.8 tons/A ………. Considerably less than last year thus far, and may be due to N leaching.

  12. Lodging Ergot Issues of Concern

  13. Unresolved issue is relationship of fan speed and trash extraction

  14. Another unresolved issue is estimating fermentable sugar between clean stalks and full trash samples

  15. Based on maturity curves and biomass yield from year one of the project it is projected to take approximately 6,000 acres to provide feedstock to meet the needs of a 1,000 metric ton per day biorefinery

  16. Changes to Project • An early planting date in March was accomplished this year • An attempt will be made to ratoon the hybrids in the early planting date

  17. Disappointed in performance of full-season hybrids; expected highest yields with later maturity • Yield potential of 90-day hybrids is relatively low, but offer early harvest • Soluble solids (Brix) readings appeared to be low relative to other studies (16.5 to 10.9 range). Investigating effects of ergot on Brix. • Unexpected overlap in maturity for medium and late hybrids, which caused gap in feedstock delivery Preliminary observations

  18. Sustainable Feedstock Production Systems Energy Cane Paul White

  19. Energycane plots were planted in July 2012 with several energycane varieties, predominately Ho 02-113. We also planted a small demonstration plot area for Dr. Kenneth Gravois containing Ho 02-113, Ho 02-144, Ho 08-9076, Ho 01-07, Ho 06-9001, Ho 06-9002 and CoCP 04-838. For the ratooning test (Task 2.1), we covered the Ho 01-113 with three depths of packed soil: 2, 3, or 4 inches. We did this to determine if the cane needed extra insulation to survive the winter. We also planted a side by side compassion of Ho 02-113 and HoCP 04-838 to test the effects of growing in northern areas of Louisiana on sugar juice and syrup characteristics. All of the cane was sprayed with 3 lbs. of Senor as a preemergence herbicide. • In June, Dr. Richard Johnson went to Winnsboro to apply nitrogen (N) fertilizer to the fertility study (Task 2.2). The cane was already too tall for a regular height tractor so they had to put out the fertilizer by hand. Macon Ridge Location

  20. For the ratooning study (Task 2.1), stand counts and cane heights were collected in July 2013. All stalks on a 10 foot section of row in each plot were counted and 10 randomly selected stalks were measured for height from the soil surface to the top dewlap. For counts, data indicated no differences in depth of cover at planting, with averages for 2, 3 and 4 inches of 87,100; 85,500, and 85,700 stalks/Acre, respectively. The p-value for the statistical test was 0.84. Stalk heights were the same for each depth of cover as well with an overall average of 69 inches. The p-value for the statistical test was 0.91. Simulated yields are scheduled for September 2013. Preliminary Results

  21. The date of harvest test (Task 2.3) was planted in October 2012 at the Spanish Trail Farm in Schriever, La. The following varieties were planted: Ho 72-114, L 79-1002, Ho 02-113, Ho 02-144, Ho 02-147, Ho 08-9076, Ho 01-07, Ho 06-9001, Ho 06-9002, Ho 00-961, HoCP 04-838 and HoCP 96-540. Four replicates of each variety were planted in 50 foot Rows. Sencor applications were used to control weeds. The cane was cultivated, fertilized and layed by in the spring of 2013. The first harvest was August 15, 2013. Houma Location

  22. Summary of August Harvest

  23. Overall Project Update Donal Day

  24. Expand the Southern Regional Agricultural Sector by utilizing sweet sorghum and energy cane for production of butanol, gasoline, bioplastics, isoprene and by-product chemicals. • Feedstock Development • Sustainable Production • Logistics and processing • Conversion and Refining • Economics, Markets and Distribution • Education • Extension Dollars per acre to be sustainably earned by a farmer for each feedstock ? Dollars per gallon of fuel (or per pound of chemical) paid by the consumer ?

  25. Agricultural Model Staggered Harvest, Complementary Crops, producing fermentable sugars and biomass. Sweet Sorghum July - September Energy Cane October - March Bagasse, syrup, woodchips, molasses, etc. April - June

  26. Industrial Model Primary processing plants supplying centralized biorefineries Storable syrups as feedstocks Primary plants drawing on local acreage

  27. Energy cane- seven molecular markers have been found, four for leaf greenness and three for regrowth damage. Genetic variability was created by cross hybridization between a set of distinct species • Cross pollination between sugarcane and miscanthus, F1 in field tests across Louisiana • Cold tolerance testing of Energy cane in North Louisiana location • Low input testing in North Louisiana Feedstock Development

  28. Plots established • Cold tolerance trials ongoing • No herbicide testing • No diseases detected Sustainable Productionenergy cane Energy cane grows faster than sugar cane

  29. Biomass yield not affected by N&P supplementation • Legume addition 99 lb N/acre • Yield average 34-38 ton/acre wet wgt • No till trials on –going • C capture by soil –on-going Sustainable Productionsweet sorghum

  30. Calibration constructed for sweet sorghum using 218 samples of varying maturity and strains • Calibration being constructed for energy cane • NIR being used for screening breeding samples of sweet sorghum and sugarcane NIR spectra of full stalk sweet sorghum. Rapid Screening for Biomass Parametersby NIR Calibration Components Brix, Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, and Ash in Juice Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, and Ash in Fiber Starch in Sweet Sorghum % Fiber and % Juice in Stalk

  31. Calibration-sweet sorghumBiomass Components Only data for 50 samples used in these models. Need to add more samples to the model to increase predictive ability.

  32. Calibrationsweet sorghum Samples included leaf, stalk and seed heads This calibration currently being used in breeding program

  33. Calibration- energy canemodel development

  34. Feedstock Logistics and Pre-processing Bagasse storage & fluidization • Pile storage best for short-term biomass storage • Bagasse can be fluidized for drying Harvesting Harvesting trials with John Deere for sweet sorghum begin in August

  35. Harvesting • Sweet Sorghum Weight loss- 6-7% over 72 hr period on harvesting 3 trials, one acre lots (about 18 rows) 8 inch billets, 3 different fan speeds evaluated For 2 lots all material, leaves, seed heads delivered to ASI mill, for one lot clean billets only delivered Analysis of results in progress • Energy Cane • 7-9% weight loss over a 72 hr period • Harvesting starts in October

  36. Flexible Pilot Plant Education, Extension and Training Facility Demonstrate ScalabilityProduce products for industrial testing Plant operational- initial process run (sweet sorghum) July 2013

  37. Three runs with 5 ton lots of sweet sorghum( 8 inch billets) conducted. For two runs the whole plant was harvested, for one the seed heads and leaves were removed. Milling- Sweet Sorghum Feed rate ¼ to ½ T/hr. It was not possible to mill the clean billets because of choking (not enough fiber). A diffuser would be better for sweet sorghum.

  38. Sweet Sorghum Syrup samples ready for shipment to industrial partners

  39. Sugar and Fiber Yields per wet ton of crop Feedstocks Partition into Sugar and Fiber (complex sugars) How much is available for fuel conversion if some of the fiber is used to fuel the plant?

  40. Fiber utilizationsugar and/or power Modeled on a 420 t/hr processing plant Partition will be driven by economics

  41. Pretreatment Options Under Investigation • High Temperature- water, ammonium hydroxide • Intermediate Temperature- lime • Low Temperature –oxidizers • Enzyme conversion partner (Genencor) Lignocellulosic Pre-processing Alkaline Pretreatments

  42. A similar pattern is observed for both crops and all alkaline pretreatments Composition Changes Pretreatment

  43. Pre-Processing- LignocelluloseHigh Temperature • Ammonia- 150 C • The use of ammonium hydroxide as catalyst for biomass pretreatment. An improved recovery of ammonia of up to 70% of recoverable ammonia with sugar yields of at least 75%.

  44. Pre-Processing LignocelluloseIntermediate Temperature • Chemical loading: 0.2 g of Lime /1.0 g of dry solid bagasse Temp. & Time: 120 ˚C, 1 hr • Total weight : 72 kg • Total solid : 17.6 % (w/w) 43 hr from start, beginning fermentation, 30 C, 8 rpm

  45. Dry ground bagasse were treated with solutions of peroxy-hypochlorite (OxB) or bleach for 30 min, at a pH of 8. Pre-Processing- LignocelluloseAmbient Temperature

  46. Alkaline Pretreatment Status

  47. Fuel and By-Product Development

  48. Comparing Batch vs. Immobilised Cultures

  49. 50% glycerol, 48% aconitic acid, and 2% cinnamic acid. Biodegradable polyester from Aconitic Acid Bubbles form through the polymer when cured on silicone. Blue dot is a piece of silicone mat the polymer is cured on.

  50. Initial estimates of production cost for energy cane through second stubble are complete • Energy cane establishment costs being estimated • Developing a biomass production feasibility index Economics

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