VTE-3 Case studies

1. VTE-3Case studies Dr. Abdelaty Shawky Assistant professor of pathology

2. Case-1 • While shaving one morning, 1 23-year old man injures his lip with a razor. Seconds after, the bleeding stops. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely to reduce blood loss from a small dermal arteriole? • Protein C activation. • Vasoconstriction. • Platelet aggregation. • Neutrophil chemotaxis. • Fibrin polymerization.

3. Case-1 • While shaving one morning, 1 23-year old man injures his lip with a razor. Seconds after, the bleeding stops. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely to reduce blood loss from a small dermal arteriole? • Protein C activation. • Vasoconstriction. • Platelet aggregation. • Neutrophil chemotaxis. • Fibrin polymerization.

4. Discussion • The initial response to injury is arteriolar vasoconstriction, but this is transient and the coagulation mechanism must be initiated to maintain hemostasis. • Protein C is involved in anticoagulation. • Platelet aggregation occurs but this takes several minutes.

5. Neutrophils are not essential to hemostasis. • Fibrin polymerization is part of secondary hemostasis after the vascular injury is initially closed.

6. Case-2 A 73-year old man was diagnosed 1 year ago with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. He now sees his physician because of a transient ischemic attack. On auscultation of the chest, a heart murmer is heard. Echocardiography shows a 1 cm nodular lesion on the superior aspect of the anterior mitral valve leaflet. The valve leaflet appears to be intact. The blood culture is negative. Which of the following terms best describes this mitral valve lesion?

7. A. Adenocarcinoma. B. Atheroma. C. Mural thrombus. D. Vegetation. E. Phlebothrombosis.

8. A. Adenocarcinoma. B. Atheroma. C. Mural thrombus. D. Vegetation. E. Phlebothrombosis.

9. Discussion • A thrombotic mass that forms on the cardiac valve is known as vegetation. • Patients with cancer have hypercoagulable state that favor the development of thrombosis. Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor that arises from the glandular epithelium. Endocardial metastasis is quite rare. • Atheroma forms in the arteries but not typically involve the endocardial surfaces.

10. Mural thrombi are thrombi that form on the surfaces of heart chamber especially the left ventricle over an area of myocardial infarction or large blood vessels e.g. dilated aorta or its main branches. • Phlebothrombosis is thrombosis in large veins due to stasis of blood.

11. Case-3 • A 21- year old man sustains multiple fractures including right femur and tibia and the left humerus in a motor car accident. He is admitted to the hospital and he is in stable condition. However, 2 days later, he suddenly becomes severely dyspneic. Which of the following complications is the most likely cause of this sudden respiratory distress?

12. Right hemothorax. • Pulmonary fat embolism. • Cardiac tamponade. • Pulmonary thrombo-embolism.

13. Right hemothorax. • Pulmonary fat embolism. • Cardiac tamponade. • Pulmonary thrombo-embolism.

14. Discussion • Fat embolism is a complication of fracture of long bones (fatty bone marrow) which occurs few days after the onset of the fracture. • Thromboembolism can occur after fracture plaster cast fixation and prolonged immobilization however, this takes a longer time (few weeks). • Cardiac tamponade and hemothorax are immediate complications which occur immediately after the accident.

15. Case-4 • A 55-year old woman has had discomfort and welling of the left leg over the past week. On physical examination, the left leg is slightly difficult to move, but on palpation, there is no pain. A venogram shows thrombosis of the deep left leg veins. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely to cause this condition?

16. A. Turbulent blood flow. B. Ingestion of aspirin. C. Hypercalcaemia. D. Immobilization. E. Nitric oxide.

17. A. Turbulent blood flow. B. Ingestion of aspirin. C. Hypercalcaemia. D. Immobilization. E. Nitric oxide.

18. Discussion • The most important and the most common cause of venous thrombosis is vascular stasis, which often occurs with immobilization. • Turbulent blood flow may promote thrombosis, but this risk factor is more common in fast flowing arterial circulation.

19. Nitric oxide is a vasodilator and prevents platelet aggregation. • Aspirin inhibits platelet functions and prevent thrombosis. • Calcium is a cofactor in coagulation pathway, but an increase in calcium has minimal effect on the coagulation process.

20. Case-5 • A 66-year old female comes to emergency department 3 hours after the onset of chest pain that radiates to her left shoulder. The serum troponin level is elevated. Thrombolytic therapy is begun. Which of the following drugs is most likely to be administered?

21. A. Tissue plasminogen activator. B. Aspirin. C. Heparin. D. Nitric oxide. E. Vitamin K.

22. A. Tissue plasminogen activator. B. Aspirin. C. Heparin. D. Nitric oxide. E. Vitamin K.

23. Tissue plasminogen activator is a thrombolytic agent that causes the generation of plasminogen which cleaves fibrin to dissolve clots. • Aspirin prevents formation of new thrombi by inhibiting platelet aggregation.

24. Heparin prevents thrombosis by activating anti-thrombin III. • Nitric oxide is a vasodilator. • Vitamin K is required for synthesis of certain clotting factors.

25. Case-6 • A 49-year old man is in stable condition after an infarction of the left ventriclular wall. 3 days later, he develops severe breathlessness, and an echocardiogram shows a markedly decreased ejection fraction. He dies 2 hours later. At autopsy, which of the following microscopic changes is most likely to be present in the lungs?

26. A. Congestion of alveolar capillaries with fibrin and neutrophils in the alveoli. B. Congestion of alveolar capillaries with transudate in alveoli. C. Fibrosis of the alveolar walls with hemosiderin laden macrophages in alveoli. D. Multiple areas of sub pleural hemorrhagic necrosis.

27. A. Congestion of alveolar capillaries with fibrin and neutrophils in the alveoli. B. Congestion of alveolar capillaries with transudate in alveoli. C. Fibrosis of the alveolar walls with hemosiderin laden macrophages in alveoli. D. Multiple areas of sub pleural hemorrhagic necrosis.

28. Discussion • Acute left ventricular failure after myocardial infarction causes venous congestion in the pulmonary capillaries and increased hydrostatic pressure which leads to pulmonary edema by transudation in the alveolar spaces. • Neutrophils and fibrin in alveoli would be found in cases of acute inflammation of the lung e.g. pneumonia.

29. Fibrosis and hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart failure cells) would be found in long standing cases of left ventricular failure not in acute conditions. • Sub pleural hemorrhagic necrosis occurs if there are pulmonary thrombo-emboli. These thrombo-emboli can cause right sided heart failure not left sided.

30. Case-7 • A 76-year-old woman is hospitalized after falling and fracturing her left femoral trochenter. Two weeks later, the left leg is swollen, particularly below the knee. She experiences pain on movement of the leg; on palpation, there is tenderness. Which of the following complications is most likely to occur after these events?

31. Gangrenous necrosis of the foot. • Hematoma of the thigh. • Pulmonary thromboembolism. • Fat embolism.

32. Gangrenous necrosis of the foot. • Hematoma of the thigh. • Pulmonary thromboembolism. • Fat embolism.

33. Discussion • The patient has venous thrombosis as a consequence of venous stasis from immobilization. The large thrombi can embolize to the lung leading to pulmonary thrombo-embolism and death. • Gangrene occurs form arterial occlusion not venous occlusion.

34. If hematoma had developed as a consequence of the trauma form the fall, it would be organizing and decreasing in size after two weeks. • Fat embolism can occur with the fracture but pulmonary problem typically appear 1 to 3 days after the traumatic event.

35. Good luck