Coccoidea: Economic and Environmental Impact

1. Coccoidea: Economic and Environmental Impact

2. Coccoidea: Economic and Environmental Impact • Obligate plant feeders • plant parasites (plant analog of ticks and lice) • Small • few with adult stage >10 mm • most <5 mm • Cryptic • body color or shape or insect cover obscures or conceals the insect • Hidden • attached to a part of the plant that is hard to observe • underbark, in crevices of bark, on roots, under leaf sheath • Easily transported • May take just a singlespecimen • mated adult female, or parthenogenetic female, can initiate a population • Arrive in new regions already on a suitable host, and disperse after introduction

3. Coccoidea: Economic and Environmental Impact • Introduction to novel habitat: Consequences • new floras, likely to encounter suitable plants BECAUSE…. • ….many species are oligo- or polyphagous • absence of native and/or appropriate predators, pathogens, parasitoids (‘beneficials’) • rapid generation time • many generations per year possible • Feeding • reduces plant vigor by removal of water and photosynthates, especially sugars • pathogen transmission • honeydew (sugar-rich liquid excreted as waste)→sooty mold • injection of toxins from saliva→ galling, pitting, systemic toxicity

4. Regulatory Difficulties: Interdiction and Identification

5. Regulatory Difficulties: Interdiction • Regulatory activities cannot catch everything!! • Federal Regulatory • USDA port inspection/ interdiction ~2% of volume • State Regulatory • FDACS-DPI–Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services-Division of Plant Industry • CDFA–California Department of Food and Agriculture • HDOA–Hawai‛i Department of Agriculture • TDA–Texas Department of Agriculture • Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) interstate inspection/interdiction

6. Regulatory Difficulties: Interdiction • Limitations to Interdiction • smuggling • informal ‘trade’ • hobbyist groups: palms, cycads, bamboos, agave, orchids, succulents • personal and commercial interstate travel • patch work of state-level regulations • examples of problem for Florida • vacation boaters to Caribbean; CAPS Canals and Marinas Survey • cruise ships with floating ‘jungle’

7. Regulatory Difficulties: Identification • Determination requires slide-mounted specimen • time consuming, usually >1 hour • multiple-step procedure • special chemicals and tools • skill • Description, diagnosis and keys emphasize adult female • adult males, immature stages not described or diagnosable • Taxonomy: what name to use for a given specimen • changes in alpha-taxonomy • synonyms–e.g., Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758 (brown soft scale) • over 40 different names in 7 different genera from 1758 to 1950 • new species • Abgrallaspis aguacatae, economic pest of Hass avocados in Mexico

8. Regulatory Difficulties: Identification • No such thing as a ‘regional-fauna’ • specimen could be native to nearly anywhere in the world • Many groups lack comprehensive treatment • ID requires specialized literature • “Field-ID”: Field identifications not reliable at species level • shape of female • shape of male pupa • shape of cover/ test • host species • location on hosts

9. Regulatory Difficulties: Identification • Limitation in knowledge of biology and ecology, economic impact poorly known • hosts or potential host range • parasitoids, predators, pathogens • Phenacoccus multicerarii (Pseudococcidae) • Granara de Willink, M. C. y C. Szumik. 2007. Phenacoccinae de Centro y Sudamérica (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae): Sistemática y Filogenia Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. 66 (1-2): 29-129. Lisa Hassell, FDACS-DPI Ian Stocks

10. Identification Resources Monophlebidae • Kondo, T. and Unruh, C.M. 2009. A new species of Crypticerya Cockerell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) from Colombia, with a key to species of the tribe Iceryini found in South America. Neotropical Entomology 38(1) 92-100. • Morrison, H. 1928. A classification of the higher groups and genera of the coccid family Margarodidae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 52. 240 pp.+7 plates. • Unruh, C. M. 2008. A taxonomic review of the Crypticerya species (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) of the southwestern United States and Mexico, including description of a new species from Baja California. Zootaxa 1759: 1–42. • Unruh, C.M. and Gullan, P.J. 2008. Identification guide to species in the scale insect tribe Iceryini (Coccoidea: Monophlebidae). Zootaxa 1803. 106 pp. Dactylopiidae • Gill, R.J. 1993. The Scale Insects of California. Part 2. The Minor Families (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture, Technical Series in Agricultural Biosystematics and Plant Pathology, Number 2. 241 pp.

11. Identification Resources Ortheziidae • Kozár, F. 2004. Ortheziidae of the World. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Plant Protection Institute. Akaprint Nyomdaipari Kft, Budapest. 525 pp. • Kozár, F. and Miller, D.R. 2000. World revision of Ortheziola Šulc (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Ortheziidae) with descriptions of eleven new species. Systematic Entomology 25: 15–45. • Morrison, H. 1925. Classification of the scale insects of the subfamily Ortheziinae. Journal of Agricultural Research 30(2): 97–154. • Morrison, H. 1952. Classification of the Ortheziidae. Supplement to "Classification of scale insects of the subfamily Ortheziinae." United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1052. 80 pp. Pseudococcidae, Putoidae • Williams, D.J and Granara de Willink, M.C. 1992. Mealybugs of Central and South America. CAB International, Oxon, UK. 635 pp. • Ferris, G.F. 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. (ser. 5) [v. 5]. The Pseudococcidae (Part I). Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California. 278 pp.

12. Identification Resources Eriococcidae • Gullan, P.J. 1984. A revision of the gall-forming coccoid genus Apiomorpha Rubsaamen (Homoptera: Eriococcidae: Apiomorphinae). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series No. 97. 203 pp. • Miller, D.R and McKenzie, H.L. 1967. A systematics study of Ovaticoccus Kloet and its relatives, with a key to North American Genera of Eriococcidae. Hilgardia 38(13): 471–539. • Miller, D.R. and Miller, G.L. 1993. Eriococcidae of the Eastern United States. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 27(4): 1–91. • Miller, D.R. and Miller, G.L. 1992. Systematic analysis of Acanthococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) in the Western United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 118(1): 1–106. • Hodgson, C. and Miller, D. 2010. A review of the eriococcid genera (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) of South America. Zootaxa 2459: 1–101. Cerococcidae • Lambdin, P.L. and Kosztarab, M. 1977. Morphology and systematics of the adult females of the genus Cerococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Cerococcidae). Studies on the morphology and systematics of scale insects-No. 10. Research Division Bulletin 128, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 252 pp.

13. Collaborators • University of Florida – Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS) • National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) • Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services – Division of Plant Industry (FDACS-DPI) • University of Maryland • United States Department of Agriculture – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service – Plant Health, Plant Protection and Quarantine (USDA-APHIS-PPQ) • United States Department of Agriculture – Systematic Entomology Laboratory (USDA-SEL) • United States Department of Agriculture – National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA)

14. Questions?