An Introduction to Multinational Logistics

1. An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279

2. Outline • Definitions • Multinational Support Options • Challenges of Multinational Logistics Multinational Logistics

3. Joint Pub 4-08 • Executive Summary • Chapter I – • Fundamentals • Chapter II – • Command Relationships • Chapter III – • Support Arrangements • Chapter IV – • Planning Multinational Logistics

4. Definitions • Alliance – The result of formal agreements (treaties) between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives which further the common interests of the members. (JP 1-02) • Coalition – An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for a common action. (JP 1-02) • OPCON – Authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving organizing, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics

5. Definitions • Multinational Operations – A collective term used to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 1-02) • Multinational Logistics – Any coordinated logistic activity involving two or more nations supporting a multinational force conducting military operations under the auspices of an alliance or coalition. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics

6. Multinational Support Options Multinational Logistics

7. National Responsibility • Each nation provides its • own support and the MNF • HQ monitors the support • status of each unit. • Traditional approach. • Similar to ABCA Multinational Logistics

8. Lead Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for providing a broad spectrum of logistics support for the multinational force and/or headquarters. Reimbursement by agreements between the parties involved. Multinational Logistics

9. Role Specialist Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for procuring a particular class of supply or service for the multinational force. Reimbursement will then be subject to agreements between the parties involved. Multinational Logistics

10. Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU) • Also called Theater Logistic Units. • Assets provided by several • Troop Contributing Nations • (TCN). • Support the Combined Joint • Task Force (CJTF). Multinational Logistics

11. Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU) Multinational Logistics

12. Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU) Multinational Logistics

13. Multinational Support Agreements Agreements concluded bi-laterally and/or among multiple nations and NATO to ease national logistic burdens. Extremely successful within the Multinational Brigades and Divisions within KFOR and SFOR. Multinational Logistics

14. Third Party Contracting Contracting has become increasingly important in the conduct of operations, particularly when operating beyond normal areas of responsibility. It is a significant tool that may be employed to gain quick access to in-country resources by procuring supplies and services locally. • Used extensively by many nations. • Not necessarily the cheapest option. • Saves military personnel. Multinational Logistics

15. Host NationSupport Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreements (ACSA) Contingency Contracting Other Options for Support Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) Multinational Logistics

16. What is an ACSA? An Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreement (ACSA) is an International Bilateral Agreement. • With a government of a specified ally or with a regional international organization of which the U.S. is a member (e.g., NATO, UN) • It allows the U.S. to transfer specified logistic support, supplies, services to, or receive from, the other party. Multinational Logistics

17. What Does an ACSA Do? • Provides the legal basis for logistics exchanges between the U.S. and other armed forces, but does not financially or politically commit either party to provide any particular support. • Provides the mechanism by which such transactions can be done when mutually agreed. • Alternative to standard contracting FMS procedures. Multinational Logistics

18. How Does an ACSA Work? • Either nation places a written order. • -Individual orders under ACSA must be mutually agreed • upon and consistent with both countries national priorities. • - Becomes binding upon acceptance. • Transactions are reimbursable by currency, replacement in kind, or equal value exchange. • Reciprocal pricing used for acquisitions or transfers. Multinational Logistics

19. Items Covered by an ACSA • Food & Water • Transportation & POL • Training • Use of Facilities & Billeting • Maintenance • Storage Services Multinational Logistics

20. Items Prohibited by an ACSA • Weapon Systems • Major End Items • Guided Missiles • Chemical Munitions • Naval Mines & Torpedoes • Chaff & Chaff Dispensers Multinational Logistics

21. Why We Need ACSA’s • U.S. law prohibits DoD from buying/selling/giving/loaning support without legal authority. • Title 10 U.S. Code § 2341- 2342(ACSA Statute) gives DoD that authority. Multinational Logistics

22. Challenges of Multinational Logistics • C2 • Goals • Capabilities • Training • Equipment • Doctrine • Intelligence • Language • Leadership • Cultural Multinational Logistics

23. Command Structure Multinational Force Commander National Contingent National Contingent National Contingent OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate Multinational Logistics

24. Command Structure COCOM Multinational Force Commander Key point – applies to ALL multinational command structures National Contingent National Contingent National Contingent Command – always retained by each nation OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate 1 Multinational Logistics

25. C2 Structures Parallel Lead Nation Integrated Multinational Logistics

26. Command & Control (OPCON) Parallel Command US Component Commander Allied Component Commander Allied Forces US Forces Liaison & Coordination Multinational Logistics

27. Lead Nation Command US COMPONENT COMMANDER Lead Nation Component Commander Multinational Augmented Staff Component Commander Component Commander Component Commander National Forces US COMPONENT COMMANDER National Forces National Forces Allied Forces Allied Forces Allied Forces Allied Forces Multinational Logistics

28. Integrated Command Alliance MN Component Commander Integrated Staff US COMPONENT COMMANDER Multinational Forces MultinationalForces Allied Forces MultinationalForces Multinational Logistics

29. MNFC and Nation Relationships • Nations continue to exercise command over their forces throughout the operation – Sovereignty. • Generally nations give the MNFC OPCON over their assigned forces. • OPCON does not include authoritative directionfor logistics or administrative matters. Multinational Logistics

30. Goals • Political goals drive military goals. • Level of threat dictates willingness to sacrifice national goals for common goals. • Smaller partners often feel “bullied”, under-appreciated. • Larger partners feel they carry inequitable share of risks and burden. (Casualties, $) Multinational Logistics

31. Capabilities • Not all partners have the same capabilities. • Leadership must be sensitive to inequality of national contributions and share burden equitably – not equally. • Each nation contributes what it can to the effort and must be tasked within its capability. • Diplomacy is the key. Multinational Logistics

32. Training • Resources and standards for training vary widely different between nations. • May be little or no time to train between notification and commencement of operations. • Forces with lower standards must be used within limits of their training state. • Impact on selection of forces for tasks, especially individuals? Limitation for commanders? Multinational Logistics

33. Difference in Safety Protocols Multinational Logistics

34. Equipment • Quality, quantity, especially interoperability are significant challenges. • Problem of technological asymmetry – countries are not able to operate with others which are technologically far superior. • Communications equipment inequities have potential to seriously hamper coordinated efforts. Multinational Logistics

35. Difference in Equipment Multinational Logistics

36. Doctrine • Doctrine reflects national character and determines force structure/procedures of nations. • STANAGs/Accords de normalisation • Ways to overcome differences: • -Multinational training exercises • - Skilled liaison officers/teams • - Assign special missions or augment from • other national forces Multinational Logistics

37. US Class I US Class II US Class III US Class IV US Class V US Class VI US Class VII US Class VIII US Class IX US Class X Doctrine NATO Class I SUBSISTENCE CLOTHING, INDIVIDUAL EQPT,TOOLS, ADMIN SUPPLIES FOOD AND FORAGE NATO Class II PETROLEUM, OILS, LUBRICANTS CLOTHING, WEAPONS, TOOLS,SPARE PARTS & VEHICLES CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NATO Class III AMMUNITION GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, GREASES,COAL & COKE PERSONAL DEMAND ITEMS NATO Class IIIa MAJOR END ITEMS: RACKS, TRACKED VEHICLES, ETC AVIATION FUEL & LUBRICANTS NATO Class IV MEDICAL MATERIALS FORTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, PLUS ADDITIONAL QUANTITIES OF CLASS II REPAIR PARTS NATO Class V MATERIAL FOR NONMILITARY PROGRAMS AMMUNITION, EXPLOSIVES &CHEMICAL AGENTS OF ALL TYPES Multinational Logistics

38. Intelligence • Intelligence sharing a sensitive issue • -Nations may have legal restrictions • - Former enemies may be part of • coalition/alliance Multinational Logistics

39. Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster Multinational Logistics

40. Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster

41. Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster. • Lack of common terminology is a problem. • Acronyms/abbreviations. • English is most common language but others may be used. • - Russian for Eastern European • - French for African nations Multinational Logistics

42. Leadership • Leadership must be persuasive, not coercive and be sensitive to national needs. • Must have: clear chain of command, common rules of engagement, single controller of airspace. • Presence of NGOs/IOs/PVOs increase coordination requirements. Multinational Logistics

43. Cultural Considerations • Discipline and Cultural Tolerance • Work Ethic • Standard of Living • Religion • Gender Distinctions • National Traditions Multinational Logistics

44. Cultural Considerations • Discipline and Cultural Tolerance • - Large variance between armies • - Some forces must be kept apart • Work Ethic – Differences between nations complicates cooperative efforts. • Standard of Living • - U.S. military lives at lower standard in field but still perhaps at a much higher level than some nations. Multinational Logistics

45. Cultural Considerations • Religion – Coalitions consist of a variety of religions. • - Religious holidays & festivals (Ramadan) • Food restrictions • **Consider the operational & logistical implications** Multinational Logistics

46. Cultural Considerations • Class and gender considerations • - Officer/Enlisted distinction • Role of women in the military • Dress when not on duty in host nation • Alcohol Multinational Logistics

47. Conclusion • Definitions • Multinational Support Options • Challenges of Multinational Logistics Multinational Logistics

48. Check on Learning • Joint Publication for Multinational Logistics? • What is the definition of a Coalition? • What is meant by Lead Nation? Role Specialist? • What are some challenges to Multinational Logistics? • What does ACSA stand for? • Ways to lessen impact of national differences? Multinational Logistics

49. An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279