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An Introduction to Multinational Logistics. Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279. Outline. Definitions Multinational Support Options Challenges of Multinational Logistics. Multinational Logistics. Joint Pub 4-08.
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An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279
Outline • Definitions • Multinational Support Options • Challenges of Multinational Logistics Multinational Logistics
Joint Pub 4-08 • Executive Summary • Chapter I – • Fundamentals • Chapter II – • Command Relationships • Chapter III – • Support Arrangements • Chapter IV – • Planning Multinational Logistics
Definitions • Alliance – The result of formal agreements (treaties) between two or more nations for broad, long-term objectives which further the common interests of the members. (JP 1-02) • Coalition – An ad hoc arrangement between two or more nations for a common action. (JP 1-02) • OPCON – Authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving organizing, and giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics
Definitions • Multinational Operations – A collective term used to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance. (JP 1-02) • Multinational Logistics – Any coordinated logistic activity involving two or more nations supporting a multinational force conducting military operations under the auspices of an alliance or coalition. (JP 1-02) Multinational Logistics
Multinational Support Options Multinational Logistics
National Responsibility • Each nation provides its • own support and the MNF • HQ monitors the support • status of each unit. • Traditional approach. • Similar to ABCA Multinational Logistics
Lead Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for providing a broad spectrum of logistics support for the multinational force and/or headquarters. Reimbursement by agreements between the parties involved. Multinational Logistics
Role Specialist Nation One nation assumes the responsibility for procuring a particular class of supply or service for the multinational force. Reimbursement will then be subject to agreements between the parties involved. Multinational Logistics
Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU) • Also called Theater Logistic Units. • Assets provided by several • Troop Contributing Nations • (TCN). • Support the Combined Joint • Task Force (CJTF). Multinational Logistics
Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU) Multinational Logistics
Multinational Integrated Logistics Unit (MILU) Multinational Logistics
Multinational Support Agreements Agreements concluded bi-laterally and/or among multiple nations and NATO to ease national logistic burdens. Extremely successful within the Multinational Brigades and Divisions within KFOR and SFOR. Multinational Logistics
Third Party Contracting Contracting has become increasingly important in the conduct of operations, particularly when operating beyond normal areas of responsibility. It is a significant tool that may be employed to gain quick access to in-country resources by procuring supplies and services locally. • Used extensively by many nations. • Not necessarily the cheapest option. • Saves military personnel. Multinational Logistics
Host NationSupport Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreements (ACSA) Contingency Contracting Other Options for Support Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) Multinational Logistics
What is an ACSA? An Acquisition & Cross Servicing Agreement (ACSA) is an International Bilateral Agreement. • With a government of a specified ally or with a regional international organization of which the U.S. is a member (e.g., NATO, UN) • It allows the U.S. to transfer specified logistic support, supplies, services to, or receive from, the other party. Multinational Logistics
What Does an ACSA Do? • Provides the legal basis for logistics exchanges between the U.S. and other armed forces, but does not financially or politically commit either party to provide any particular support. • Provides the mechanism by which such transactions can be done when mutually agreed. • Alternative to standard contracting FMS procedures. Multinational Logistics
How Does an ACSA Work? • Either nation places a written order. • -Individual orders under ACSA must be mutually agreed • upon and consistent with both countries national priorities. • - Becomes binding upon acceptance. • Transactions are reimbursable by currency, replacement in kind, or equal value exchange. • Reciprocal pricing used for acquisitions or transfers. Multinational Logistics
Items Covered by an ACSA • Food & Water • Transportation & POL • Training • Use of Facilities & Billeting • Maintenance • Storage Services Multinational Logistics
Items Prohibited by an ACSA • Weapon Systems • Major End Items • Guided Missiles • Chemical Munitions • Naval Mines & Torpedoes • Chaff & Chaff Dispensers Multinational Logistics
Why We Need ACSA’s • U.S. law prohibits DoD from buying/selling/giving/loaning support without legal authority. • Title 10 U.S. Code § 2341- 2342(ACSA Statute) gives DoD that authority. Multinational Logistics
Challenges of Multinational Logistics • C2 • Goals • Capabilities • Training • Equipment • Doctrine • Intelligence • Language • Leadership • Cultural Multinational Logistics
Command Structure Multinational Force Commander National Contingent National Contingent National Contingent OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate Multinational Logistics
Command Structure COCOM Multinational Force Commander Key point – applies to ALL multinational command structures National Contingent National Contingent National Contingent Command – always retained by each nation OPCON (or similar agreed upon command relationship) Advise & Coordinate 1 Multinational Logistics
C2 Structures Parallel Lead Nation Integrated Multinational Logistics
Command & Control (OPCON) Parallel Command US Component Commander Allied Component Commander Allied Forces US Forces Liaison & Coordination Multinational Logistics
Lead Nation Command US COMPONENT COMMANDER Lead Nation Component Commander Multinational Augmented Staff Component Commander Component Commander Component Commander National Forces US COMPONENT COMMANDER National Forces National Forces Allied Forces Allied Forces Allied Forces Allied Forces Multinational Logistics
Integrated Command Alliance MN Component Commander Integrated Staff US COMPONENT COMMANDER Multinational Forces MultinationalForces Allied Forces MultinationalForces Multinational Logistics
MNFC and Nation Relationships • Nations continue to exercise command over their forces throughout the operation – Sovereignty. • Generally nations give the MNFC OPCON over their assigned forces. • OPCON does not include authoritative directionfor logistics or administrative matters. Multinational Logistics
Goals • Political goals drive military goals. • Level of threat dictates willingness to sacrifice national goals for common goals. • Smaller partners often feel “bullied”, under-appreciated. • Larger partners feel they carry inequitable share of risks and burden. (Casualties, $) Multinational Logistics
Capabilities • Not all partners have the same capabilities. • Leadership must be sensitive to inequality of national contributions and share burden equitably – not equally. • Each nation contributes what it can to the effort and must be tasked within its capability. • Diplomacy is the key. Multinational Logistics
Training • Resources and standards for training vary widely different between nations. • May be little or no time to train between notification and commencement of operations. • Forces with lower standards must be used within limits of their training state. • Impact on selection of forces for tasks, especially individuals? Limitation for commanders? Multinational Logistics
Difference in Safety Protocols Multinational Logistics
Equipment • Quality, quantity, especially interoperability are significant challenges. • Problem of technological asymmetry – countries are not able to operate with others which are technologically far superior. • Communications equipment inequities have potential to seriously hamper coordinated efforts. Multinational Logistics
Difference in Equipment Multinational Logistics
Doctrine • Doctrine reflects national character and determines force structure/procedures of nations. • STANAGs/Accords de normalisation • Ways to overcome differences: • -Multinational training exercises • - Skilled liaison officers/teams • - Assign special missions or augment from • other national forces Multinational Logistics
US Class I US Class II US Class III US Class IV US Class V US Class VI US Class VII US Class VIII US Class IX US Class X Doctrine NATO Class I SUBSISTENCE CLOTHING, INDIVIDUAL EQPT,TOOLS, ADMIN SUPPLIES FOOD AND FORAGE NATO Class II PETROLEUM, OILS, LUBRICANTS CLOTHING, WEAPONS, TOOLS,SPARE PARTS & VEHICLES CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NATO Class III AMMUNITION GASOLINE, FUEL OIL, GREASES,COAL & COKE PERSONAL DEMAND ITEMS NATO Class IIIa MAJOR END ITEMS: RACKS, TRACKED VEHICLES, ETC AVIATION FUEL & LUBRICANTS NATO Class IV MEDICAL MATERIALS FORTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, PLUS ADDITIONAL QUANTITIES OF CLASS II REPAIR PARTS NATO Class V MATERIAL FOR NONMILITARY PROGRAMS AMMUNITION, EXPLOSIVES &CHEMICAL AGENTS OF ALL TYPES Multinational Logistics
Intelligence • Intelligence sharing a sensitive issue • -Nations may have legal restrictions • - Former enemies may be part of • coalition/alliance Multinational Logistics
Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster Multinational Logistics
Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster
Language • Lack of understanding can lead to disaster. • Lack of common terminology is a problem. • Acronyms/abbreviations. • English is most common language but others may be used. • - Russian for Eastern European • - French for African nations Multinational Logistics
Leadership • Leadership must be persuasive, not coercive and be sensitive to national needs. • Must have: clear chain of command, common rules of engagement, single controller of airspace. • Presence of NGOs/IOs/PVOs increase coordination requirements. Multinational Logistics
Cultural Considerations • Discipline and Cultural Tolerance • Work Ethic • Standard of Living • Religion • Gender Distinctions • National Traditions Multinational Logistics
Cultural Considerations • Discipline and Cultural Tolerance • - Large variance between armies • - Some forces must be kept apart • Work Ethic – Differences between nations complicates cooperative efforts. • Standard of Living • - U.S. military lives at lower standard in field but still perhaps at a much higher level than some nations. Multinational Logistics
Cultural Considerations • Religion – Coalitions consist of a variety of religions. • - Religious holidays & festivals (Ramadan) • Food restrictions • **Consider the operational & logistical implications** Multinational Logistics
Cultural Considerations • Class and gender considerations • - Officer/Enlisted distinction • Role of women in the military • Dress when not on duty in host nation • Alcohol Multinational Logistics
Conclusion • Definitions • Multinational Support Options • Challenges of Multinational Logistics Multinational Logistics
Check on Learning • Joint Publication for Multinational Logistics? • What is the definition of a Coalition? • What is meant by Lead Nation? Role Specialist? • What are some challenges to Multinational Logistics? • What does ACSA stand for? • Ways to lessen impact of national differences? Multinational Logistics
An Introduction to Multinational Logistics Barbara Gomoll Senior Instructor, Multinational Logistics Course ALMC, Fort Lee, VA (804) 765-0279