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POL 454

POL 454. THE GULF MONARCHIES. Your moment of Zen…. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zd92oAUjffY. THE GULF MONARCHIES. I. SAUDI ARABIA II. THE REST OF THE PENINSULA a. Kuwait c. Qatar e. Oman b. Bahrain d. UAE f. Yemen Terms to Know Ikhwan ibn Saud GCC

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POL 454

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  1. POL 454 THE GULF MONARCHIES

  2. Your moment of Zen… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zd92oAUjffY

  3. THE GULF MONARCHIES I. SAUDI ARABIA II. THE REST OF THE PENINSULA a. Kuwait c. Qatar e. Oman b. Bahrain d. UAE f. Yemen Terms to Know Ikhwan ibn Saud GCC Al-Said al-Sabah Al-Khalifah Majlis al-shura al-Thani AQAP Sudayri Seven tawhid taqarub Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab wahhabism Houthi Ibadi Zaidi ijma Federal Supreme Council

  4. ARABIAN PENINSULA • Arab • Islam: • Sunni • Wahhabism • Shia • Ibadi • Zaidi • Oil • Family • British protectorates http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Persian_Gulf/images/PersianGulfExportsByCountryv3.gif

  5. Strategies governments use to keep societies at peace (Byman & Green) • Monarchy • Qu’ran as constitution • Ijma: rule by public consensus • Partial democratization (Herb) • free elections for a parliament of limited authority

  6. I. SAUDI ARABIA 1744Muhammad ibnAbd al-Wahab swears mithaq (covenant) with the al-Saud to build a puritanical state 1803 Saudis take Mecca 1902Abdul Aziz ibn Saud conquers Riyadh with help of the Ikhwan 1925Sauds retake Mecca after SherifHusayn declares self Caliph 1932 Saudi Arabia founded http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/images/sf186_02a.jpg

  7. Saudi Arabia http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saud/tree/ Ibn Saud Ruled til 1953 22 wives, 44 sons (Est. 80-100 children) Sudayri Seven http://www.intelligenceonline.com/NETWORKS/FILES/471/471.asp?rub=networks

  8. Between tawhid and taqarub(M.S. Doran) • Tawhid:"monotheism," defined by Muhammad ibnAbd al-Wahhab • polytheists and idolaters (Christians, Jews, Shi`ites) out to destroy true Islam. • US attacked Sunni Muslims in Afghanistan & Iraq; supports the Jews v. Sunni Palestinians; promotes Shiite interests in Iraq; presses Saudis to liberalize • Prince Nayef(Interior Minister) • Anti-state Islamists • Grand Mosque 1979 • AQAP & Haramain Brigade • Taqarub: rapprochement with non-Muslims. • Downplays jihad, allowing Saudis to live in peace with Americans, Jewish Israelis, & Shi`ite

  9. Islamo-Liberal Trends • “Letter of Demands” to King Fahd in 1991 • Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights founded in 1993. • Society for Protecting and Defending Women’s Rights • 1990 and 2008 “stunt” driving protests • 2007 petition for the right to drive

  10. Reform in the Kingdom • Fahd’s New Title: Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques • Tranquility Campaign • BASIC LAW OF 1992 • Majlis al-shura • 2002: right to propose legislation • 2005: 150 members • 2002 municipal elections • Women barred from vote and candidacy

  11. IIA. Kuwait • 1899 British protectorate • 1961 Independence • Current leader: Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-JaberAl-Sabah • Diwaniyya: weekly local meetings • 1963 National Assembly (50 seats) • 2006 Vote to force abdication of Crown Prince ShaykhSa’d Abdullah • 2005 electoral law gave women right to vote and run • 2009: 4 women elected MPs Education Minister Nuriya Al Sebih Housing Minister Mudhi Al Humoud http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/05/200951711368608195.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7399438.stm http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/05/20095171338473416.html

  12. IIB. Bahrain • 1783 Al Khalifahrule • 1880 British protectorate • 1971 independence • 2002 Constitutional changes • Creates appointed upper house • 2/3 opposition needed to overrule ministries • women allowed to vote and run • 2010 Elections • Arrests & website shutdowns • Al Wefaqlead; Sunni still rule

  13. IIC. Qatar • Al-Thani family rule • 1916 British protectorate • 1970 independence • Sunni wahhabist regime • Municipal council in which women can run and vote • 2003 constitution calls for elections to Advisory Council • 2/3 elected; 1/3 appointed • Elections postponed to 2013

  14. President Khalifa bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan (2004), ruler of Abu Dhabi Federal Supreme Council (FSC) the seven emirate rulers the highest constitutional authority in the UAE Abu Dhabi and Dubai rulers have veto power unicameral Federal National Council Reviews legislation but cannot change or veto 456 candidates (65 women) ran for 20 contested seats; one female won IID. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

  15. IIE. Oman • 1700s Unification under Imam Ahmad ibn Said • 1800s British protectorate • 1951 granted rule by British • 1970 coup by son Qaboosibn Said al-Said • Elected majlis al-shura; women may vote & hold office http://www.omanet.om/english/government/hmspage/tribute.asp

  16. IIF. Yemen • (virtually) no oil • (virtually) no wealth • Not part of GCC • Part British protectorate • Part former monarchy • YahyaHamid al-Din & Muhammad al-Badr (ZaydiHashemites) of N.Yemen • Ottoman North: 1962 civil war in Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) • British South: 1967 People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) • 1990 Unification

  17. The Trouble with Yemen • TROUBLES IN THE NORTH • HOUTHI: Zaidimovement calls for return of the Zaidi Imam, greater political inclusion & distribution of resources. • TROUBLES IN THE SOUTH • SOUTHERN MOVEMENT: tribal sheikhs, students & poor led by former S.Yemen Pres. Ali Salem al-Baydh • 2007 protests demanding higher pensions after forced retirements after unification. • TROUBLES ALL AROUND • AQAP • President Saleh • GPC Party • President for life? • Council of Deputies • Opposition Joint Meeting Parties (JMP) • 2011 boycott?

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