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Spatial Disorientation. Shappell 1997. The SD Problem. USAF Class A Mishaps--1980-1989 (AFISC DATA). Total Ops SD LSA* SD/LSA Mishaps 633 356 81 263 270 Fatalities 795 515 115 425 437
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SpatialDisorientation Shappell 1997
The SD Problem USAF Class A Mishaps--1980-1989 (AFISC DATA) Total Ops SD LSA*SD/LSA Mishaps 633 356 81 263 270 Fatalities 795 515 115 425 437 $Cost $4,452M $2,558M $539M $2,012M $2,054M *Loss of Situational Awareness
Spatial Disorientation • The SD mishap rate (per 100,000 hrs) has remained unchanged for 2 decades!! • One of the most serious aeromedical problems facing the USAF
Spatial Disorientation Factors • Distraction Factor • Time Factor • Illusion Factor
Distraction Factor • Many sources of distraction • Some tasks are less critical • Priorities will change
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REDGREENBLUE GREENBLUERED BLUEREDGREEN BLUEGREENRED GREENBLUEGREEN REDBLUERED BLUEREDBLUE BLUEGREENRED REDGREENBLUE
Time Factor • Distraction must take time • Usually 15-90 seconds • Seems less...Temporal Distortion
Illusion Factor • Visual Illusions • What our eyes say about the world • Vestibular Illusions • What our inner ear says about the world
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Vision Vision Vision Cortical Cortical Cortical Vestibular Apparatus Vestibular Apparatus Vestibular Apparatus VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Auditory Auditory Auditory Proprioceptive Proprioceptive Proprioceptive SO WHAT CAN WE DO?
Type I SD • Commonly called “Misorientation” • Unrecognized • Distraction may not be strong • Distraction lasts relatively long time (But it won’t seem long due to Temporal Distortion)
Type II SD • Pilot recognizes a conflict... • Example: Vertigo • May start with a small distraction
Type III SD • Overwhelming-Incapacitating • “Rare” • Result of “Primitive Protective Reflex” • Knowledge is the key • Try using fingertips • Trust instruments
The SD Problem • Type • I Unrecognized >50% of SD mishaps • II Recognized <50% • III Incapacitating FEW • Source • Visual about 50% • Vestibular/other about 50%
SD can happen... • TO WHO? • To anyone • To YOU! • WHEN? • During all phases of flight • Day or night • Good wx or bad
Prevention • Experience • Currency and Proficiency • Fatigue • Internal distractions • Preflight Planing
Treatment for SD • Admit you have SD • Tell someone • Believe instruments • Let someone else fly • Crosscheck • Bailout, if able
If visual cues are not available, the body naturally transitions to vestibular balance.
QUESTIONS? Shappell 1997