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Chapter Five

Chapter Five. The Global South in a World of Powers. Some Definitions. Global South: less-developed countries Global North: wealthy industrialized countries Third World: Cold War term for Global South First World: Cold War term for Global North democracies

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Chapter Five

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  1. Chapter Five The Global South in a World of Powers

  2. Some Definitions • Global South: less-developed countries • Global North: wealthy industrialized countries • Third World: Cold War term for Global South • First World: Cold War term for Global North democracies • Second World: Cold War term for Soviet Union and other communist countries • Fourth World: indigenous peoples

  3. Map 5.1: The Global North and Global South

  4. Global North • democratic • technologically inventive • wealthy • aging populations • low population growth

  5. Global South • most states: • not democratic • low technology use • poor • rapid population growth • overstrained social and ecological systems • 80 percent global population • 15 percent global wealth

  6. Map 5.2: The Great North-South Divide in Wealth and Population

  7. Map 5.3: Global Imperialism, 1914

  8. Imperialism • late 1400s: Europe used transportation and military technology to conquer colonies • mercantilism: trade should increase state wealth; increase exports, decrease imports; used to take advantage of colonies • 1880s: final burst colonizes most of Africa • China divided into spheres of influence

  9. Explaining Imperialism • Marxists: capitalists need overseas outlets for surplus capital • World-system theory: capitalist core and dependent periphery • Hobson: competition for power and prestige among European states

  10. Imperialism Declines: 20th Century • self-determination: Woodrow Wilson • League of Nations mandates • World War Two saps strength of colonial powers, demonstrates that colonial powers can be defeated • decolonization from 1947-1960s • neocolonialism: continued domination of the Global South by the Global North through economic means

  11. Table 5.1:Two Worlds of Development: An International Class Divide

  12. Modernization Theory • Global South must: • create conditions for efficient production, free enterprise, and free trade • pass through stages of development and reach “take off” • historical conditions that allowed the North to do this in the 19th century do not exist now

  13. Dependency Theory • Global North keeps Global South poor through: • terms of trade and finance • exploitation by multinational corporations • dualism--rural impoverished sector and urban modernizing sector

  14. World-Systems Theory • core: advanced capitalist states; specializes in producing “advanced goods” • periphery: developing states; specializes in producing commodities and low-technology goods • semiperiphery: states either advancing toward core or descending to periphery; dependent development under control of the core

  15. The Global South’s Prospects • NIEs: newly industrialized countries • Asian Tigers: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong • Nonaligned Movement • failed states • nonstate nations • external military intervention

  16. The Search for Wealth • import-substitution industrialization • export-led industrialization • New International Economic Order (1974) • pushed by Group of 77 • called for changes in the international economic system that would benefit development in the Global South and redistribute some global wealth to it

  17. Regional Trade Regimes • NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement • Mercosur: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay • APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation • ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations • SADC: Southern African Development Community

  18. Trade, Aid, Investment, Debt Relief • official development assistance • foreign direct investment • multinational corporations • heavily indebted poor countries • debt relief

  19. Figure 5.1: Ranking the Biggest Official Aid Donors Net Official Foreign Aid ($billion) at percent of GDP

  20. Figure 5.2: Foreign Direct Investments in the Global South

  21. Discussion • What factors explain European imperialism? • What legacies of colonialism remain and how have they shaped the gap between the Global North and the Global South? • What characteristics do newly industrialized economies share with the Global North?

  22. Discussion, continued • What are the root causes of underdevelopment? • What changes in the international economic system would benefit the Global South? • What does the future likely hold for the Global South?

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