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Mutations

Mutations. What is a mutation???. Any change in a sequence of bases in DNA. Types of M utations. Chromosomal mutations – change in the entire structure of chromosomes which changes the DNA sequence. Chromosomal Mutations : Deletion. Section of chromosome breaks off and is lost.

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Mutations

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  1. Mutations

  2. What is a mutation??? • Any change in a sequence of bases in DNA

  3. Types of Mutations • Chromosomal mutations – change in the entire structure of chromosomes which changes the DNA sequence

  4. Chromosomal Mutations: Deletion • Section of chromosome breaks off and is lost

  5. Chromosomal Mutations: Duplication • Part of the chromosomeis copied and inserted again

  6. Chromosomal Mutations: Translocation • Part of one chromosomebreaks off and is inserted into a different chromosome

  7. Chromosomal Mutations: Inversion • Part of the chromosome breaks off, turns around, and reattaches in reverse order

  8. Types of Mutations • Point mutations – change in one or more nucleotides that changes the DNA sequence • For instance: instead of A, it’s a G

  9. Point Mutations • Occurs in only one nucleotide and affects only one codon in a gene

  10. Point Mutation: Substitution • Substitutions= replace a nucleotide for a another • AAC CCA TTA • AAGCCA TTA • How does this affect the amino acid sequence?

  11. Point Mutation: Insertion • Insertions = add a nucleotide • AAC CCA TTA • ATA CCC ATT A • How does this affect the amino acid sequence?

  12. Point Mutation: Deletion • Deletions = take away a nucleotide • AAC CCA TTA • ACC CAT TA • How does this affect the amino acid sequence?

  13. Point Mutations • Sickle Cell Disease • Mutation on Chromosome 11 = change in aa sequence of hemoglobin • Tay-Sachs • Mutation on Chromosome 15 = change in sequence of aa in enzymes that break down certain fatty acids • Causes large amounts of fatty acids to build up on nerve cells 1st discoveredin retinas (eye)

  14. ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD?

  15. How are mutations good, bad, or neutral? • Good-change in DNA sequence that leads to better protein production, increasing the organisms chance of survival. • i.e. camouflage to increase survival • Bad- change in DNA sequence that leads to the wrong protein formed, decreasing the organisms survival • i.e. genetic diseases, such as sickle anemia • “Equal”- change in DNA sequence that produces the same correct protein. • Remember the codon chart!

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