SP202 Crew Boss Training

1. SP202Crew Boss Training Module 3 Fireline Safety INSTRUCTOR NOTE: The symbol (?) in notes page text means click the mouse to reveal additional text on slide. As a crew boss, your ultimate responsibility is to ensure your safety and the safety of your crew. No fire, regardless of the values being threatened, can ever override your safety and the safety of those around you. As a firefighter, you have already learned how to work safely as a member of a fire crew. This module will deal mainly with your responsibilities as a crew boss. It is a significant responsibility not to be taken lightly. Remember, no job is too important that it cannot be done safely and as a supervisor you are expected to set a good example, offer advice, give direction and constantly monitor the safety of the crew.INSTRUCTOR NOTE: The symbol (?) in notes page text means click the mouse to reveal additional text on slide. As a crew boss, your ultimate responsibility is to ensure your safety and the safety of your crew. No fire, regardless of the values being threatened, can ever override your safety and the safety of those around you. As a firefighter, you have already learned how to work safely as a member of a fire crew. This module will deal mainly with your responsibilities as a crew boss. It is a significant responsibility not to be taken lightly. Remember, no job is too important that it cannot be done safely and as a supervisor you are expected to set a good example, offer advice, give direction and constantly monitor the safety of the crew.

2. Module Objectives Identify special health concerns List specific environmental health hazards Describe Internal Responsibility System Supervisory responsibilities to safety under the OHSA Implement Risk Assessment Process and Checklist Describe your role in Lessons Learned process Conduct After Action Reviews (AAR) with your crew Describe the “hazards” and “controls” of night firefighting Describe methods of mitigating exposure to smoke At the completion of this module, you will be able to: Identify special health concerns of the crew of which you need to be aware. ? List the specific environmental health hazards in the firefighting environment that need to be identified and reviewed with your crew to reinforce awareness. ? Describe the Internal Responsibility System and your role in the system. ? Relate your supervisor responsibilities to safety with respect to the Occupational Health and Safety Act. ? Implement the Risk Assessment Process and Checklist with your crew. ? Describe your role in the Lessons Learned process. ? Conduct After Action Reviews (AAR) with your crew. ? Describe the “hazards” and “controls” related to night firefighting operations. ? Describe methods of mitigating exposure to smoke conditions.At the completion of this module, you will be able to: Identify special health concerns of the crew of which you need to be aware. ? List the specific environmental health hazards in the firefighting environment that need to be identified and reviewed with your crew to reinforce awareness. ? Describe the Internal Responsibility System and your role in the system. ? Relate your supervisor responsibilities to safety with respect to the Occupational Health and Safety Act. ? Implement the Risk Assessment Process and Checklist with your crew. ? Describe your role in the Lessons Learned process. ? Conduct After Action Reviews (AAR) with your crew. ? Describe the “hazards” and “controls” related to night firefighting operations. ? Describe methods of mitigating exposure to smoke conditions.

3. Module Objectives Role of MNR firefighters with respect to structural fires Burning structures, dump fires, railway and transport fires List critical actions represented by WATCHOUT List safety orders represented by LACES Crew boss's role with respect to safety zones and escape routes Describe escape options in the event of fire entrapment Personal Protective Equipment requirements Role of the crew boss related to Crew Wellness Describe the role of MNR firefighters with respect to structural fires as defined by Aviation Forest Fire Management policy Forest Fire Management and Structural Fires. ? Describe “hazards” and “appropriate response” related to burning structures, garbage dump fires, and railway and transport fires. ? List all critical actions represented by the acronym WATCHOUT. ? List all safety orders represented by the acronym LACES. ? Describe the role of the crew boss with respect to safety zones and escape routes. ? Describe escape options in the event of fire entrapment. ? Identify crew boss responsibility and accountability with respect to mandatory Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements for you and your crew. ? Describe the role of the crew boss related to crew Wellness including nutrition, sleep, fatigue, morale and physical activity. Describe the role of MNR firefighters with respect to structural fires as defined by Aviation Forest Fire Management policy Forest Fire Management and Structural Fires. ? Describe “hazards” and “appropriate response” related to burning structures, garbage dump fires, and railway and transport fires. ? List all critical actions represented by the acronym WATCHOUT. ? List all safety orders represented by the acronym LACES. ? Describe the role of the crew boss with respect to safety zones and escape routes. ? Describe escape options in the event of fire entrapment. ? Identify crew boss responsibility and accountability with respect to mandatory Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements for you and your crew. ? Describe the role of the crew boss related to crew Wellness including nutrition, sleep, fatigue, morale and physical activity.

4. Health

5. Special Health Concerns Determine if crew members: serious allergies (Epi-Pen) food allergies (separate food preparation) diminished sense of smell or hearing prescription drugs (enough to last 3 weeks) Special Health Concerns Because you will be working in challenging conditions and in isolated areas, it is important for you to know of any health concerns of the members of your crew. Determine if members of the crew : ? Have serious allergies and carry an Epi-Pen. If so, ensure you and other first-aiders know the location of the Epi-Pen and how to use it. Remove the grey top, keep hands away from the black end (needle) hold the pen at 90 degree to the thigh and strike black end into thigh through clothing, hold against thigh for 10 seconds then remove and massage the area for 10 seconds. Check to see Red plunger in side viewer. Replace grey cover and place use Epi-pen back into container. Seek medical attention. ? Have food allergies that may require careful selection of foods or separate food preparation. ? Have a diminished sense of smell or hearing. If so, a lack of smell may reduce the individual’s ability to identify fire and smudges, and lowered hearing levels will reduce the individual’s ability to hear and understand radio and verbal commands in noisy environments. You will have to find effective ways to compensate to ensure safety is not compromised. ? Need to use prescription drugs and if so, ensure they bring enough in their personal pack to last 3 weeks.Special Health Concerns Because you will be working in challenging conditions and in isolated areas, it is important for you to know of any health concerns of the members of your crew. Determine if members of the crew : ? Have serious allergies and carry an Epi-Pen. If so, ensure you and other first-aiders know the location of the Epi-Pen and how to use it. Remove the grey top, keep hands away from the black end (needle) hold the pen at 90 degree to the thigh and strike black end into thigh through clothing, hold against thigh for 10 seconds then remove and massage the area for 10 seconds. Check to see Red plunger in side viewer. Replace grey cover and place use Epi-pen back into container. Seek medical attention. ? Have food allergies that may require careful selection of foods or separate food preparation. ? Have a diminished sense of smell or hearing. If so, a lack of smell may reduce the individual’s ability to identify fire and smudges, and lowered hearing levels will reduce the individual’s ability to hear and understand radio and verbal commands in noisy environments. You will have to find effective ways to compensate to ensure safety is not compromised. ? Need to use prescription drugs and if so, ensure they bring enough in their personal pack to last 3 weeks.

6. Protecting Health Identify and mitigate hazards on fireline Ensure crewmembers are familiar with potential health hazards on fireline Lyme disease Minor burns Poison ivy Heat disorders Bites and stings - Heat exhaustion Snake bites - Heatstroke Blood-borne viruses Proper lifting Infections (cuts & scrapes) Maintaining healthy feet Protecting Health in Firefighting Environment Maintaining good health can be a challenge but it’s imperative to do so. As the crew boss, you have an important role to play in identifying and mitigating health hazards on the fireline. ? The SP100 course has a comprehensive section on Protecting Your Health in the Firefighting Environment (Module 2) which you or the fire crew leader must review annually with the crew; more often if necessary until all crewmembers are familiar with the potential health hazards on the fireline. ? The following topics must be covered: Lyme disease Poison ivy Bites and stings Snake bites Blood-borne viruses Infections caused by cuts and scrapes Minor burns Maintaining healthy feet Heat disorders - Heat exhaustion & Heatstroke Proper liftingProtecting Health in Firefighting Environment Maintaining good health can be a challenge but it’s imperative to do so. As the crew boss, you have an important role to play in identifying and mitigating health hazards on the fireline. ? The SP100 course has a comprehensive section on Protecting Your Health in the Firefighting Environment (Module 2) which you or the fire crew leader must review annually with the crew; more often if necessary until all crewmembers are familiar with the potential health hazards on the fireline. ? The following topics must be covered: Lyme disease Poison ivy Bites and stings Snake bites Blood-borne viruses Infections caused by cuts and scrapes Minor burns Maintaining healthy feet Heat disorders - Heat exhaustion & Heatstroke Proper lifting

7. Internal Responsibility System Employers and workers each have a responsibility for health and safety in the workplace Joint Health and Safety Committees: ensures health and safety concerns are identified and addressed - a forum for employee participation, a right within the Occupational Health and Safety Act The philosophy behind the Occupational Health and Safety Act is known as the Internal Responsibility System. The intent is to have employers and workers cooperate to control health and safety hazards. The principle of internal responsibility means that employers and workers each have a responsibility for health and safety in the workplace. ? The Joint Health and Safety Committees (JHSCs) have an important role in the Ministry’s health and safety program. The main purpose of the JHSCs is to ensure that health and safety concerns are identified and addressed. The JHSCs play a major role in the Ministry’s Internal Responsibility System, which is a forum for employee participation, a right within the Occupational Health and Safety Act. . The philosophy behind the Occupational Health and Safety Act is known as the Internal Responsibility System. The intent is to have employers and workers cooperate to control health and safety hazards. The principle of internal responsibility means that employers and workers each have a responsibility for health and safety in the workplace. ? The Joint Health and Safety Committees (JHSCs) have an important role in the Ministry’s health and safety program. The main purpose of the JHSCs is to ensure that health and safety concerns are identified and addressed. The JHSCs play a major role in the Ministry’s Internal Responsibility System, which is a forum for employee participation, a right within the Occupational Health and Safety Act. .

8. Internal Responsibility System Ensure all firefighters make SAFETY their number 1 priority ALWAYS! Ontario’s overall safety philosophy is simple; ensure all firefighters make safety their number 1 priority, always! Ensuring your safety and the safety of others around you is the most important aspect of your crew boss role!Ontario’s overall safety philosophy is simple; ensure all firefighters make safety their number 1 priority, always! Ensuring your safety and the safety of others around you is the most important aspect of your crew boss role!

9. Occupational Health and Safety Act As a crew boss, you have responsibilities as a worker and a supervisor Definitions: “Employer” “Supervisor” “Worker” “Competent Person” It is your responsibility, both as a crewmember (worker) and as a crew boss (supervisor), to become familiar with and follow the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its regulations so that you perform your duties safely and create a safe workplace. ? Definitions “Employer” means a person who employs one or more workers or contracts for the services of one or more workers and includes a contractor or subcontractor who undertakes with an owner, constructor, contractor or subcontractor to perform work or supply services; “Supervisor” means a person who has charge of a workplace or authority over a worker; Worker” means a person who performs work or supplies services for monetary compensation but does not include an inmate of a correctional institution or like institution or facility who participates inside the institution or facility in a work project or rehabilitation program; “Competent Person” means a person who, is qualified because of knowledge, training and experience to organize the work and its performance; is familiar with this Act and the regulations that apply to the work; and has knowledge of any potential or actual danger to health and safety in the workplace.It is your responsibility, both as a crewmember (worker) and as a crew boss (supervisor), to become familiar with and follow the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its regulations so that you perform your duties safely and create a safe workplace. ? Definitions “Employer” means a person who employs one or more workers or contracts for the services of one or more workers and includes a contractor or subcontractor who undertakes with an owner, constructor, contractor or subcontractor to perform work or supply services; “Supervisor” means a person who has charge of a workplace or authority over a worker; Worker” means a person who performs work or supplies services for monetary compensation but does not include an inmate of a correctional institution or like institution or facility who participates inside the institution or facility in a work project or rehabilitation program; “Competent Person” means a person who, is qualified because of knowledge, training and experience to organize the work and its performance; is familiar with this Act and the regulations that apply to the work; and has knowledge of any potential or actual danger to health and safety in the workplace.

10. Occupational Health and Safety Act Now as a supervisor you have a responsibility, as defined by Sec. 27 (2) (a) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, To inform workers of the existence of any potential or actual danger in the workplace Provide written instructions for protection measures and procedures One of your responsibilities as a supervisor, as defined by Sec. 27 (2) (a) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, is to inform workers of the existence of any potential or actual danger in the workplace. Recognizing workplace dangers is a skill that comes only with experience and a safety oriented attitude. In some cases, the danger may be minor, such as noticing a worker whose boot lace has become undone. Sometimes, the danger may be critical, such as a crewmember getting too close to the rear of a helicopter. A crew boss must be on guard and watchful at all times.One of your responsibilities as a supervisor, as defined by Sec. 27 (2) (a) of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, is to inform workers of the existence of any potential or actual danger in the workplace. Recognizing workplace dangers is a skill that comes only with experience and a safety oriented attitude. In some cases, the danger may be minor, such as noticing a worker whose boot lace has become undone. Sometimes, the danger may be critical, such as a crewmember getting too close to the rear of a helicopter. A crew boss must be on guard and watchful at all times.

11. Occupational Health and Safety Act Refusing Unsafe Work (Sec. 43) Reason to believe health or safety is in danger Prompt reporting to supervisor/employer Investigation by worker, supervisor/employer, Health and Safety representative or knowledgeable worker Refer to Ministry of Labour for final solution if required Refusing Unsafe Work Sec. 43 Reason to believe health or safety is in danger. Prompt reporting to supervisor/employer Investigation by worker, supervisor/employer, Health and Safety representative or knowledgeable worker. Refer to Ministry of Labour for final solution if required.Refusing Unsafe Work Sec. 43 Reason to believe health or safety is in danger. Prompt reporting to supervisor/employer Investigation by worker, supervisor/employer, Health and Safety representative or knowledgeable worker. Refer to Ministry of Labour for final solution if required.

12. Occupational Health and Safety Act Reprisals by Employer (Sec. 50) If a worker acts in compliance with, or seeks enforcement of the regulations the employer may not: Dismiss Discipline or suspend Impose penalty Intimidate or coerce Reprisals by Employer Sec. 50 If a worker acts in compliance with, or seeks enforcement of, the regulations the employer may not: dismiss discipline or suspend impose penalty intimidate or coerce Reprisals by Employer Sec. 50 If a worker acts in compliance with, or seeks enforcement of, the regulations the employer may not: dismiss discipline or suspend impose penalty intimidate or coerce

13. Attitude and Safety Identify unsafe work conditions or habits before an accident or injury occurs Develop a positive and safety conscious attitude Project this attitude to crew A crew boss has supervisory responsibilities related to safety which include the following: Identifying unsafe work conditions or habits before an accident or injury occurs. ? Developing a positive and safety conscious attitude toward the way in which you work. ? Projecting this attitude toward your crew so that they too will gain an appreciation for the safe way of doing business. Safe work habits and a safety oriented attitude will go a long way in preventing the possibility of an accident or injury. A crew boss has supervisory responsibilities related to safety which include the following: Identifying unsafe work conditions or habits before an accident or injury occurs. ? Developing a positive and safety conscious attitude toward the way in which you work. ? Projecting this attitude toward your crew so that they too will gain an appreciation for the safe way of doing business. Safe work habits and a safety oriented attitude will go a long way in preventing the possibility of an accident or injury.

14. Risk Assessment Process Risk Assessment Protocol As the crew boss, when planning and conducting work, you must follow the steps described in the Risk Assessment Process.Risk Assessment Protocol As the crew boss, when planning and conducting work, you must follow the steps described in the Risk Assessment Process.

15. Risk Assessment Process Checklist 1 – Situation Awareness 2 – Identify Hazards 3 – Assess Hazards 4 – Develop Controls & Make Decisions 5 – Implement Controls 6 – Supervise and Evaluate The steps of the Risk Assessment Process are outlined in the Risk Assessment Checklist. Refer to page 3-8 in Module 3 of your student reference notes. Follow the steps in the checklist before carrying out any field assignments: (With students referring to their copy in their student notes, cover the checklists for each step) ? Step 1 - Situation Awareness ? Step 2 - Identify Hazards ? Step 3 - Assess Hazards ? Step 4 - Develop Controls and Make Decisions ? Step 5 - Implement Controls ? Step 6 - Supervise and EvaluateThe steps of the Risk Assessment Process are outlined in the Risk Assessment Checklist. Refer to page 3-8 in Module 3 of your student reference notes. Follow the steps in the checklist before carrying out any field assignments: (With students referring to their copy in their student notes, cover the checklists for each step) ? Step 1 - Situation Awareness ? Step 2 - Identify Hazards ? Step 3 - Assess Hazards ? Step 4 - Develop Controls and Make Decisions ? Step 5 - Implement Controls ? Step 6 - Supervise and Evaluate

16. Risk Assessment Process Workplace Risk Assessment Form Must be completed when carrying out work that workers have not done before or have not been trained to do Workplace Risk Assessment Form When carrying out work that workers have not done before or have not been trained to do, the Workplace Risk Assessment Form must be completed. A copy of this form is in Module 3 of your student reference notes.Workplace Risk Assessment Form When carrying out work that workers have not done before or have not been trained to do, the Workplace Risk Assessment Form must be completed. A copy of this form is in Module 3 of your student reference notes.

17. Lessons Learned A lesson is only truly learned when we modify our behaviour to reflect what we now know Lessons Learned A lesson is only truly learned when we modify our behaviour to reflect what we now know.Lessons Learned A lesson is only truly learned when we modify our behaviour to reflect what we now know.

18. Lessons Learned AFFM “Program-Level” Lessons Learned process involves 5 tasks: Collecting Validating Storing Disseminating Reusing The AFFM “Program-Level” Lessons Learned process involves 5 tasks: Collecting Validating Storing Disseminating ReusingThe AFFM “Program-Level” Lessons Learned process involves 5 tasks: Collecting Validating Storing Disseminating Reusing

19. Lessons Learned You have an important role in contributing to Lessons Learned process mainly through “collection” and “validation” tasks Crew specific Lessons Learned shared through conducting After Action Reviews (AAR) As a crew boss, you may on occasion be involved in situations that will lead to “Program-Level” Lessons Learned. On these occasions, you have an important role in contributing to the Lessons Learned process by assisting primarily with the “collection” and “validation” tasks. For example, on September 5th, 2007, a 4-person FireRanger crew was assigned to a Provincial Park to fell selected trees. At approximately 1600 hrs, a large White Pine was felled but got hung up in a nearby Red Pine. The crew followed proper “block tree” procedures but when this was unsuccessful, a 5 metre pole was used to try to dislodge the tree. In the end, a member of the crew was struck and pinned between the tree and the ground sustaining a dislocated hip and back injury. Clearly, this is a Lesson Learned that needed to be communicated to all fire staff. Before this could happen, the crew involved in the incident was instrumental in the “collection” and “validation” of the facts. Their input resulted in the implementation of new safety procedures which were communicated to the entire organization. This effort virtually eliminated the risk of this type of incident occurring to other staff in the future. Since the incident resulted in modifying behaviour, it is truly a Lesson Learned. As a crew boss, you need to be familiar with the AFFM Lessons Learned website. Visit often and share what you discover with others. The site is listed in your student reference notes. ? Not all Lessons Learned come from a “bad” accident nor are they all considered “Program-Level”. You will encounter crew specific Lessons Learned on a regular basis and it is incumbent on you to share all Lessons Learned with peers and subordinates. This typically will be accomplished through the After Action Review process.As a crew boss, you may on occasion be involved in situations that will lead to “Program-Level” Lessons Learned. On these occasions, you have an important role in contributing to the Lessons Learned process by assisting primarily with the “collection” and “validation” tasks. For example, on September 5th, 2007, a 4-person FireRanger crew was assigned to a Provincial Park to fell selected trees. At approximately 1600 hrs, a large White Pine was felled but got hung up in a nearby Red Pine. The crew followed proper “block tree” procedures but when this was unsuccessful, a 5 metre pole was used to try to dislodge the tree. In the end, a member of the crew was struck and pinned between the tree and the ground sustaining a dislocated hip and back injury. Clearly, this is a Lesson Learned that needed to be communicated to all fire staff. Before this could happen, the crew involved in the incident was instrumental in the “collection” and “validation” of the facts. Their input resulted in the implementation of new safety procedures which were communicated to the entire organization. This effort virtually eliminated the risk of this type of incident occurring to other staff in the future. Since the incident resulted in modifying behaviour, it is truly a Lesson Learned. As a crew boss, you need to be familiar with the AFFM Lessons Learned website. Visit often and share what you discover with others. The site is listed in your student reference notes. ? Not all Lessons Learned come from a “bad” accident nor are they all considered “Program-Level”. You will encounter crew specific Lessons Learned on a regular basis and it is incumbent on you to share all Lessons Learned with peers and subordinates. This typically will be accomplished through the After Action Review process.

20. After Action Review (AAR) Uses a simple process by asking 4 basic questions: What was planned? What actually happened? Why it happened? What can be done next time? Is an excellent way to increase safety After Action Review (AAR) As the crew boss, you will be responsible for conducting AARs insuring input from ALL members of the crew. Utilize the following simple process to conduct all AARs. What was planned? What actually happened? Why it happened? What can be done next time? ? AARs are an excellent way to increase safety and you should be conducting them on a regular basis. It is your opportunity to get input from your crew on how things are done and how they can be improved. After Action Review (AAR) As the crew boss, you will be responsible for conducting AARs insuring input from ALL members of the crew. Utilize the following simple process to conduct all AARs. What was planned? What actually happened? Why it happened? What can be done next time? ? AARs are an excellent way to increase safety and you should be conducting them on a regular basis. It is your opportunity to get input from your crew on how things are done and how they can be improved.

21. After Action Review (AAR) Is NOT a critique: Does not judge success or failure Attempts to discover “why” things happened Focuses directly on tasks and goals that were to be accomplished Encourages employees to voice and share important lessons in the discussion Keep in mind that the AAR is not a critique (i.e., it is not meant to criticize anyone personally or their actions). In fact, it has several advantages over a critique: ? It does not judge success or failure. ? It attempts to discover why things happened. ? It focuses directly on the tasks and goals that were to be accomplished. ? It encourages employees to voice and share important lessons in the discussion. Keep in mind that the AAR is not a critique (i.e., it is not meant to criticize anyone personally or their actions). In fact, it has several advantages over a critique: ? It does not judge success or failure. ? It attempts to discover why things happened. ? It focuses directly on the tasks and goals that were to be accomplished. ? It encourages employees to voice and share important lessons in the discussion.

22. After Action Review (AAR) Tips for conducting AARs: Carry out after activity is completed (e.g., at end of shift before heading back to base camp or line camp) Focus on what not who Establish clear ground rules Conduct on a regular basis Some tips for conducting After Action Reviews include: Carry out the AAR after the activity is completed (e.g., at the end of the shift before heading back to base camp or a line camp). ? Focus on what, not who. ? Establish clear ground rules: encourage candour and openness; this is dialog – not a lecture or debate; focus on items that can be fixed; keep all discussions confidential. ? Get into a habit of conducting AARs after every assignment, regardless of how routine. There is room for continuous improvement and increased safety in everything we do! Some tips for conducting After Action Reviews include: Carry out the AAR after the activity is completed (e.g., at the end of the shift before heading back to base camp or a line camp). ? Focus on what, not who. ? Establish clear ground rules: encourage candour and openness; this is dialog – not a lecture or debate; focus on items that can be fixed; keep all discussions confidential. ? Get into a habit of conducting AARs after every assignment, regardless of how routine. There is room for continuous improvement and increased safety in everything we do!

23. Night Firefighting Operations May occur under special circumstances under supervision of senior fire personnel Increased hazards with night firefighting Need to be familiar with AFFM Night Fire Fighting Operations Policy To minimize risks, must understand associated hazards and controls Night Firefighting Operations Generally, forest fires in Ontario are not fought at night. However, under special circumstances and under the supervision of senior fire personnel, there are instances when night firefighting may be considered. ? It is important to remember that, due to the increased hazards inherent with working in the dark, night-time firefighting may occur only when there is a distinct advantage for doing so. ? As a crew boss, you will not make the decision for night firefighting as this will be made by senior fire managers. However, you need to be familiar with the AFFM Night Fire Fighting Operations Policy to ensure you are able to effectively supervise staff during this operation. The policy is located on the AFFM website which is listed in your student reference notes. ? The key to minimizing risks associated with night firefighting is to clearly understand some of the “hazards” and “controls” associated with night firefighting. The following are the key “hazards” and “controls” you need to understand and communicate to the crew:Night Firefighting Operations Generally, forest fires in Ontario are not fought at night. However, under special circumstances and under the supervision of senior fire personnel, there are instances when night firefighting may be considered. ? It is important to remember that, due to the increased hazards inherent with working in the dark, night-time firefighting may occur only when there is a distinct advantage for doing so. ? As a crew boss, you will not make the decision for night firefighting as this will be made by senior fire managers. However, you need to be familiar with the AFFM Night Fire Fighting Operations Policy to ensure you are able to effectively supervise staff during this operation. The policy is located on the AFFM website which is listed in your student reference notes. ? The key to minimizing risks associated with night firefighting is to clearly understand some of the “hazards” and “controls” associated with night firefighting. The following are the key “hazards” and “controls” you need to understand and communicate to the crew:

24. Night Firefighting Operations Hazards Limited Access Fire Behaviour Reduced Visibility Communications Fatigue Terrain Fireline Ops. Hazard: Limited Access ? The line must be scouted during daylight hours. Anchor points, safe areas, and escape routes must be identified. Firefighters engaged in night operations must be made aware of the escape routes. Where road access is available, a vehicle must be available on stand-by to transport firefighters away from the fire area. When crews will be working at night in burned areas where standing timber remains, aggressive snag tree felling must be carried out during the day. Fire Behaviour? All firefighters engaged in night firefighting will be briefed on expected weather and fire behaviour conditions. Staff must be made aware of potential inversion situations. Reduced Visibility? Firefighters will be issued headlamps. Glow sticks, fluorescent tape and lighting devices may be used to identify trails/hazards. Staff should work in closer proximity to each other and maintain frequent check-ins with supervisors. Chainsaws may be used for camp set-up under adequate lighting conditions that provide for safe operations. Communications? Workers required to work at night will be briefed by either the Incident Commander or their immediate supervisor prior to starting their task. The Incident Commander or immediate supervisor will confirm the understanding of subordinates regarding the proposed task prior to final task assignment. Supervisors will ensure that there is an established communication link from the work location to a base camp, line camp, headquarters or other resourced location prior to the commencement of night operations. There must be an established communication link with ALL workers. This does not mean that all workers must have a radio; but it does mean that if a worker does not have a radio, they must be with someone who does. Staff should work in closer proximity to each other and maintain frequent check-ins with their supervisor. Check-in times will be identified by the on-site supervisor. There must be radio communication between the heavy equipment operators and the workers in the vicinity of the heavy equipment. All workers involved in night operations will carry out an After Action Review (AAR) upon completion of every shift. Fatigue? On-site supervisors will monitor staff for signs of fatigue and stress. Firefighters working extended hours will be provided with breaks and nourishment as required. The Incident Commander must ensure that there is a plan in place to relieve workers in the morning, after they have been working on night operations. There must be a specified shift rotation. Daytime sleeping areas will be situated away from the main working area and in an area that is quiet and cool. Terrain? Firefighters must wear PPE (hard hat, Nomex fireline workwear, eyewear, footwear, gloves, headlamp) when engaged in fireline work. Firefighters must stay on established lines, trails, roads with no overhead hazards. Hazards such as cliffs must be clearly marked with light sticks and/or flagging tape. Fireline Operations? For line construction, line holding and burnout operations, firefighters will only work on established and planned line that they have observed in daylight. The line must be properly assessed for hazards and escape routes. Chainsaws will not be used after dark for fireline construction work. Heavy equipment (skidders, bulldozers, engines, etc.) must have appropriate lighting for the work being performed. Safe working distances from heavy equipment must be increased at night. Workers, working in the proximity of heavy equipment, must wear reflective clothing or tape. Hazard: Limited Access ? The line must be scouted during daylight hours. Anchor points, safe areas, and escape routes must be identified. Firefighters engaged in night operations must be made aware of the escape routes. Where road access is available, a vehicle must be available on stand-by to transport firefighters away from the fire area. When crews will be working at night in burned areas where standing timber remains, aggressive snag tree felling must be carried out during the day. Fire Behaviour? All firefighters engaged in night firefighting will be briefed on expected weather and fire behaviour conditions. Staff must be made aware of potential inversion situations. Reduced Visibility? Firefighters will be issued headlamps. Glow sticks, fluorescent tape and lighting devices may be used to identify trails/hazards. Staff should work in closer proximity to each other and maintain frequent check-ins with supervisors. Chainsaws may be used for camp set-up under adequate lighting conditions that provide for safe operations. Communications? Workers required to work at night will be briefed by either the Incident Commander or their immediate supervisor prior to starting their task. The Incident Commander or immediate supervisor will confirm the understanding of subordinates regarding the proposed task prior to final task assignment. Supervisors will ensure that there is an established communication link from the work location to a base camp, line camp, headquarters or other resourced location prior to the commencement of night operations. There must be an established communication link with ALL workers. This does not mean that all workers must have a radio; but it does mean that if a worker does not have a radio, they must be with someone who does. Staff should work in closer proximity to each other and maintain frequent check-ins with their supervisor. Check-in times will be identified by the on-site supervisor. There must be radio communication between the heavy equipment operators and the workers in the vicinity of the heavy equipment. All workers involved in night operations will carry out an After Action Review (AAR) upon completion of every shift. Fatigue? On-site supervisors will monitor staff for signs of fatigue and stress. Firefighters working extended hours will be provided with breaks and nourishment as required. The Incident Commander must ensure that there is a plan in place to relieve workers in the morning, after they have been working on night operations. There must be a specified shift rotation. Daytime sleeping areas will be situated away from the main working area and in an area that is quiet and cool. Terrain? Firefighters must wear PPE (hard hat, Nomex fireline workwear, eyewear, footwear, gloves, headlamp) when engaged in fireline work. Firefighters must stay on established lines, trails, roads with no overhead hazards. Hazards such as cliffs must be clearly marked with light sticks and/or flagging tape. Fireline Operations? For line construction, line holding and burnout operations, firefighters will only work on established and planned line that they have observed in daylight. The line must be properly assessed for hazards and escape routes. Chainsaws will not be used after dark for fireline construction work. Heavy equipment (skidders, bulldozers, engines, etc.) must have appropriate lighting for the work being performed. Safe working distances from heavy equipment must be increased at night. Workers, working in the proximity of heavy equipment, must wear reflective clothing or tape.

25. Working Near Smoke Reduce exposure by: Work up wind from the smoke Remove from smoke during rest breaks Flush eyes if irritated by smoke Seek first aid assistance Be able to retreat from smoke Nozzle with a fan spray When suppressing fires, firefighters may be exposed to varying levels of smoke. Smoke from dumps, peat and poison ivy may pose greater health risks than smoke from other burning forest fuels. Firefighters must be aware of the hazards involved when working near smoke. Carbon monoxide is present in smoke and even minimal levels of carbon monoxide can impair muscle function and the ability to think clearly. Exposure to carbon monoxide may cause headaches, fatigue, nausea, vision problems and dizziness. Excessive and prolonged exposure could lead to unconsciousness. Visibility in dense smoke conditions can be severely limited, and lead to disorientation. As a crew boss, you need to enforce safety practices with the crew that will reduce exposure to and the effects of smoke. These safety practices include: ? Ensure firefighters minimize their exposure to smoke by working the fire upwind from the smoke. ? Ensure firefighters remove themselves from the smoke during rest breaks. ? Ensure firefighters flushed their eyes with clean water or tear solution if irritated by smoke. ? Ensure that firefighters working in smoke seek the assistance of a first-aider or the camp nurse it they experience swelling or a feeling of constriction in the throat, neck or chest, or increased coughing, wheezing, headaches, nausea or vomiting. ? Ensure firefighters are able to retreat from smoky conditions when required. ? If your hoseline is still charged with water, continue with it to an area where smoke is less dense. Use a fan spray to clear off smoke, if necessary. When suppressing fires, firefighters may be exposed to varying levels of smoke. Smoke from dumps, peat and poison ivy may pose greater health risks than smoke from other burning forest fuels. Firefighters must be aware of the hazards involved when working near smoke. Carbon monoxide is present in smoke and even minimal levels of carbon monoxide can impair muscle function and the ability to think clearly. Exposure to carbon monoxide may cause headaches, fatigue, nausea, vision problems and dizziness. Excessive and prolonged exposure could lead to unconsciousness. Visibility in dense smoke conditions can be severely limited, and lead to disorientation. As a crew boss, you need to enforce safety practices with the crew that will reduce exposure to and the effects of smoke. These safety practices include: ? Ensure firefighters minimize their exposure to smoke by working the fire upwind from the smoke. ? Ensure firefighters remove themselves from the smoke during rest breaks. ? Ensure firefighters flushed their eyes with clean water or tear solution if irritated by smoke. ? Ensure that firefighters working in smoke seek the assistance of a first-aider or the camp nurse it they experience swelling or a feeling of constriction in the throat, neck or chest, or increased coughing, wheezing, headaches, nausea or vomiting. ? Ensure firefighters are able to retreat from smoky conditions when required. ? If your hoseline is still charged with water, continue with it to an area where smoke is less dense. Use a fan spray to clear off smoke, if necessary.

26. Working Near Smoke Reduce exposure by: Stay low to ground Avoid areas with dense smoke conditions If visibility limited, follow hoseline or break off to flank Watch for CO symptoms Cover face with dry bandanna and fan area with nozzle spray When too severe retreat and notify supervisor Stay low to the ground where smoke conditions will not be as severe. ? Ensure firefighters avoid areas with dense smoke conditions. ? If visibility becomes severely limited, instruct firefighters to follow hoseline out of smoky areas or break off to the flank where smoke is less dense. ? Recognize that carbon monoxide is present when working in smoke. If a person shows symptoms of excessive carbon monoxide, get medical aid immediately. Symptoms include: Shortness of breath Nausea Headaches Dizziness Light-headedness ? Instruct firefighters to cover their face with a dry bandanna and fan the area with a nozzle spray to reduce the effect of smoke. ? When smoke conditions are too severe , direct firefighters out of the area and advise the fireline supervisor of your location. ?Stay low to the ground where smoke conditions will not be as severe. ? Ensure firefighters avoid areas with dense smoke conditions. ? If visibility becomes severely limited, instruct firefighters to follow hoseline out of smoky areas or break off to the flank where smoke is less dense. ? Recognize that carbon monoxide is present when working in smoke. If a person shows symptoms of excessive carbon monoxide, get medical aid immediately. Symptoms include: Shortness of breath Nausea Headaches Dizziness Light-headedness ? Instruct firefighters to cover their face with a dry bandanna and fan the area with a nozzle spray to reduce the effect of smoke. ? When smoke conditions are too severe , direct firefighters out of the area and advise the fireline supervisor of your location. ?

27. Structural Fires Forest Fire Management and Structural Fires With respect to structural fires, the intent of MNR firefighters is clearly: To prevent the structural fire from causing a forest fire by spreading to nearby forest fuels, and To prevent burning forest fuels from damaging structures The MNR receives numerous calls for assistance associated with structural fires every season. When structural fires occur within forested lands, many people feel that the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) is responsible for the suppression efforts. Fires of this type are not within the MNR Aviation and Forest Fire Management’s mandate and action will be limited to responding to forest fires that may result. The Fire Program has a specific policy related to Forest Fire Management and Structural Fires. As a crew boss, it is critical you are familiar with the policy and enforce it with firefighters. The policy is located on the AFFM website which is listed in your student reference notes. The policy provides directives that define the role of the Fire Program with respect to responding to structural fires. The policy states: With respect to structural fires, the intent of MNR firefighters is clearly: To prevent the structural fire from causing a forest fire by spreading to nearby forest fuels, and ? To prevent burning forest fuels from damaging structures. ?The MNR receives numerous calls for assistance associated with structural fires every season. When structural fires occur within forested lands, many people feel that the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) is responsible for the suppression efforts. Fires of this type are not within the MNR Aviation and Forest Fire Management’s mandate and action will be limited to responding to forest fires that may result. The Fire Program has a specific policy related to Forest Fire Management and Structural Fires. As a crew boss, it is critical you are familiar with the policy and enforce it with firefighters. The policy is located on the AFFM website which is listed in your student reference notes. The policy provides directives that define the role of the Fire Program with respect to responding to structural fires. The policy states: With respect to structural fires, the intent of MNR firefighters is clearly: To prevent the structural fire from causing a forest fire by spreading to nearby forest fuels, and ? To prevent burning forest fuels from damaging structures. ?

28. Structural Fires Ensure appropriate fire department or fire protection team contacted. If MNR crew arrives to find a structure involved, proceed with exposure (value) protection. When beyond crew’s capability request appropriate resources Staff only continue to assist in capacity consistent to their level of training, experience and resource availability Ensure property owners, municipalities, other governments, and external agencies understand this direction When responding to fires near or located on structures, MNR staff should ensure that prior to the MNR dispatch, where applicable, the appropriate fire department or fire protection team has been contacted. When the dispatch is still required, or the MNR crew arrives to find a structure involved, they should proceed with exposure (value) protection. When assistance beyond the crew’s capability is required, a request for the appropriate resources would be relayed back to the dispatch authority. Staff should only continue to assist in a capacity that is consistent to their level of training, experience and resource availability. ? It is important that staff ensure, in all dealings with property owners, municipalities, other governments, and external agencies that this direction is clearly described and mutually understood. ? When responding to fires near or located on structures, MNR staff should ensure that prior to the MNR dispatch, where applicable, the appropriate fire department or fire protection team has been contacted. When the dispatch is still required, or the MNR crew arrives to find a structure involved, they should proceed with exposure (value) protection. When assistance beyond the crew’s capability is required, a request for the appropriate resources would be relayed back to the dispatch authority. Staff should only continue to assist in a capacity that is consistent to their level of training, experience and resource availability. ? It is important that staff ensure, in all dealings with property owners, municipalities, other governments, and external agencies that this direction is clearly described and mutually understood. ?

29. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Electrical Wires Assume all downed wires are energized Never work near burning structure when power active Ask SRO or supervisor to notify hydro company to shut off power Stay away at least 32 m Never spray water within 32 m Prevent people from approaching Restrict movement of crew Appropriate Response: ? Assume all downed wires are energized. ? Never attempt to work near a burning structure while the power is active. ? Ask Sector Response Officer or supervisor to notify hydro company immediately so that the electrical current can be shut off! ? Stay away from fallen wires by a distance of at least 10 metres (33 ft.) ? Never spray water within 10 metres of a fallen electrical wire. The electrical current can travel through the water in the hoseline and on to you. ? To prevent people from approaching any fallen wires, flag the danger area. ? Restrict the movement of crewmembers away from downed power lines.Appropriate Response: ? Assume all downed wires are energized. ? Never attempt to work near a burning structure while the power is active. ? Ask Sector Response Officer or supervisor to notify hydro company immediately so that the electrical current can be shut off! ? Stay away from fallen wires by a distance of at least 10 metres (33 ft.) ? Never spray water within 10 metres of a fallen electrical wire. The electrical current can travel through the water in the hoseline and on to you. ? To prevent people from approaching any fallen wires, flag the danger area. ? Restrict the movement of crewmembers away from downed power lines.

30. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Liquid Propane Gas Pressurized gas expands quickly when heated; if tank not vented, will explode (B.L.E.V.E.) If tank engulfed in flame, liquid inside tank begins to boil creating vapour and excessive pressure; relief valve on tank opens under excessive pressure and exhaust vapours normally burn in “blow torch” manner Propane gas heavier than air and settles in low lying areas Potential Hazard: Liquid Propane Gas Pressurized gases will expand very quickly when heated. If a pressure tank is not vented, the expanding gases will explode. This is known as a B.L.E.V.E. (Boiling Liquid - Expanding Vapour Explosion). ? If a pressure tank is engulfed in flames, the liquid inside the tank will begin to boil. This, in turn, will create vapours and excessive pressure. Most pressure tanks have relief valves which will open to exhaust the excessive pressure. The exhaust vapours from a relief valve will normally burn in a “blow torch” manner. ? Propane is heavier than air and will settle in the low lying areas. Potential Hazard: Liquid Propane Gas Pressurized gases will expand very quickly when heated. If a pressure tank is not vented, the expanding gases will explode. This is known as a B.L.E.V.E. (Boiling Liquid - Expanding Vapour Explosion). ? If a pressure tank is engulfed in flames, the liquid inside the tank will begin to boil. This, in turn, will create vapours and excessive pressure. Most pressure tanks have relief valves which will open to exhaust the excessive pressure. The exhaust vapours from a relief valve will normally burn in a “blow torch” manner. ? Propane is heavier than air and will settle in the low lying areas.

31. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Liquid Propane Gas Do not approach area. Caution crew on danger If not already done, contact supervisor to request structural fire response personnel Never attempt to extinguish relief valve exhaust vapour Stay to high ground and up wind from pressure tank Do not smoke Appropriate Response: ? Do not approach the area. Caution the crew about the dangers of approaching a pressure tank that is being heated by fire. ? If not already done, contact Supervisor to request structural fire response personnel for assistance. ? Never attempt to extinguish the relief valve exhaust vapour. As long as the pressure tank is exhausting the excessive pressure, the risk of explosion will be reduced, even if the exhaust vapour is burning. ? Stay to high ground and up wind from a pressure tank. ? Do not smoke.Appropriate Response: ? Do not approach the area. Caution the crew about the dangers of approaching a pressure tank that is being heated by fire. ? If not already done, contact Supervisor to request structural fire response personnel for assistance. ? Never attempt to extinguish the relief valve exhaust vapour. As long as the pressure tank is exhausting the excessive pressure, the risk of explosion will be reduced, even if the exhaust vapour is burning. ? Stay to high ground and up wind from a pressure tank. ? Do not smoke.

32. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Fuel, Oil and Gasoline Used extensively in rural areas and throughout cottage country Quantities range from a few litres to 45 gal barrels Stored in various kinds of containers Fuel containers will melt or burn or may explode Potential Hazard: Fuel, Oil and Gasoline These flammable liquids are used extensively in rural areas and throughout cottage country (e.g., in outboard motors, lawnmowers, generators and stoves). ? Quantities will range from a few litres to 45 gallon barrels. ? Stored in all kinds of containers. ? Fuel containers will melt or burn and may explode.Potential Hazard: Fuel, Oil and Gasoline These flammable liquids are used extensively in rural areas and throughout cottage country (e.g., in outboard motors, lawnmowers, generators and stoves). ? Quantities will range from a few litres to 45 gallon barrels. ? Stored in all kinds of containers. ? Fuel containers will melt or burn and may explode.

33. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Fuel, Oil and Gasoline Do not approach area Caution crew of location of containers Stay to high ground and up wind Appropriate Response: ? Do not approach area. ? Caution crew of location of containers. ? Stay to high ground and up wind.Appropriate Response: ? Do not approach area. ? Caution crew of location of containers. ? Stay to high ground and up wind.

34. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Noxious Fumes and Smoke Structure materials create fumes and smoke during combustion that are often noxious or poisonous Avoid smoke! Stay up wind. Be aware of wind shifts Ensure crew is aware of potential danger Potential Hazard: Noxious Fumes and Smoke Materials used to build a structure create fumes and smoke during combustion that are often noxious or poisonous. Appropriate Response: ? Avoid smoke! ? Stay up wind. Be aware of wind shifts. ? Ensure crew is aware of this potential danger. ? Potential Hazard: Noxious Fumes and Smoke Materials used to build a structure create fumes and smoke during combustion that are often noxious or poisonous. Appropriate Response: ? Avoid smoke! ? Stay up wind. Be aware of wind shifts. ? Ensure crew is aware of this potential danger. ?

35. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Noxious Fumes and Smoke Avoid smoke! Stay up wind. Be aware of wind shifts Ensure crew is aware of potential danger Appropriate Response: ? Avoid smoke! ? Stay up wind. Be aware of wind shifts. ? Ensure crew is aware of this potential danger. Appropriate Response: ? Avoid smoke! ? Stay up wind. Be aware of wind shifts. ? Ensure crew is aware of this potential danger.

36. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Explosion Within Building Combustion creates superheated gases and pressure If building improperly opened causes violent explosion Signs Blackened sooty windows Black smoke escaping in puffs from cracks around roof, windows and doors Deep, red-orange glow from windows Potential Hazard: Explosion Within Building During the process of combustion within a confined space, the available oxygen is consumed. This creates superheated gases and a certain amount of pressure. ? If the building remains closed, there is a chance that the fire may begin to cool due to lack of oxygen. If the building is improperly opened (ventilated), the inrush of oxygen entering a superheated space will cause a violent explosion known as a back draft. ? Tell-tale signs of pressure build-up and superheating within a structure are: blackened sooty windows black smoke escaping in puffs from cracks around roof, windows and doors deep red-orange glow from windowsPotential Hazard: Explosion Within Building During the process of combustion within a confined space, the available oxygen is consumed. This creates superheated gases and a certain amount of pressure. ? If the building remains closed, there is a chance that the fire may begin to cool due to lack of oxygen. If the building is improperly opened (ventilated), the inrush of oxygen entering a superheated space will cause a violent explosion known as a back draft. ? Tell-tale signs of pressure build-up and superheating within a structure are: blackened sooty windows black smoke escaping in puffs from cracks around roof, windows and doors deep red-orange glow from windows

37. Burning StructurePotential Hazard: Explosion Within Building Anticipate possibility of explosion – do not approach area Advise supervisor and request appropriate assistance Never, open a confined burning structure Secure area Brief crew on danger of explosion Appropriate Response: ? Anticipate the possibility of an explosion and do not approach the area. ? Advise your supervisor of the situation and request the appropriate professional assistance if they are not already enroute or on the scene. ? Never, under any circumstances, open any part of a confined burning structure! ? Secure the area to prevent the public from encroaching on the area. ? Brief and advise crewmembers of the extreme dangers listed in the Potential Hazards column associated with a confined structural fire. Appropriate Response: ? Anticipate the possibility of an explosion and do not approach the area. ? Advise your supervisor of the situation and request the appropriate professional assistance if they are not already enroute or on the scene. ? Never, under any circumstances, open any part of a confined burning structure! ? Secure the area to prevent the public from encroaching on the area. ? Brief and advise crewmembers of the extreme dangers listed in the Potential Hazards column associated with a confined structural fire.

38. Garbage Dump FiresPotential Hazard Contain various kinds of unknown material that, when exposed to heat, can explode or create toxic fumes Usually deep burning fuel masses which can re-ignite quickly Fuel mass unevenly compacted and you can easily fall through Fire crews may be required to respond to other types of fires associated with rural areas besides burning structures. These fires could include a burning garbage dump (landfill site) that the fire has escaped and is burning in the forest fuel surrounding the dump. Potential Hazard: Garbage dumps can contain all kinds of unknown material that spell danger when exposed to heat (e.g., synthetic products, aerosol cans, or capped bottles and cans). ? Dump fires are usually deep burning fuel masses which can re-ignite quickly. ? The fuel mass is unevenly compacted and you can easily fall through.Fire crews may be required to respond to other types of fires associated with rural areas besides burning structures. These fires could include a burning garbage dump (landfill site) that the fire has escaped and is burning in the forest fuel surrounding the dump. Potential Hazard: Garbage dumps can contain all kinds of unknown material that spell danger when exposed to heat (e.g., synthetic products, aerosol cans, or capped bottles and cans). ? Dump fires are usually deep burning fuel masses which can re-ignite quickly. ? The fuel mass is unevenly compacted and you can easily fall through.

39. Garbage Dump FiresAppropriate Response Possible explosion – do not approach Secure area Stay up wind Avoid fumes from dump Avoid walking on fuel mass Be alert to re-ignition Ensure crew follows above points Appropriate Response: Anticipate the possibility of an explosion and do not approach the actual dump trench area. ? Secure the area to prevent the public from encroaching. ? Stay up wind and clear of burning garbage. ? Avoid direct involvement with fumes from the dump. ? Avoid walking on fuel mass. ? Be alert to re-ignition in deep-burning fuel mass. ? Ensure your crew’s actions are compliant with the above points.Appropriate Response: Anticipate the possibility of an explosion and do not approach the actual dump trench area. ? Secure the area to prevent the public from encroaching. ? Stay up wind and clear of burning garbage. ? Avoid direct involvement with fumes from the dump. ? Avoid walking on fuel mass. ? Be alert to re-ignition in deep-burning fuel mass. ? Ensure your crew’s actions are compliant with the above points.

40. Railway and Road Transport Fires Many transport railcars and trucks carry dangerous goods which may be highly explosive, corrosive, flammable or toxic Ensure hazards have been identified by your supervisor and that your actions do not pose a risk to the crew In all responses, efforts are on the suppression of the forest fire and NOT the transport vehicle Rail train derailments or vehicle accidents may cause fires which, if they occur along a forested area, may start a forest fire. These fires, like structural fires, have many hazards that you are not trained to safely respond to. Many transport railcars and trucks carry dangerous goods which may be highly explosive, corrosive, flammable or toxic. ? As a crew boss, your role on these fires is to ensure the hazards have been identified by your supervisor and that your actions do not pose a risk to the crew. ? In all responses to these fires, our efforts are on the suppression of the forest fire and NOT the transport vehicle. Even vehicles not “placarded” as carrying dangerous goods can still present a significant hazard. Rail train derailments or vehicle accidents may cause fires which, if they occur along a forested area, may start a forest fire. These fires, like structural fires, have many hazards that you are not trained to safely respond to. Many transport railcars and trucks carry dangerous goods which may be highly explosive, corrosive, flammable or toxic. ? As a crew boss, your role on these fires is to ensure the hazards have been identified by your supervisor and that your actions do not pose a risk to the crew. ? In all responses to these fires, our efforts are on the suppression of the forest fire and NOT the transport vehicle. Even vehicles not “placarded” as carrying dangerous goods can still present a significant hazard.

41. Railway and Road Transport Fires Forest fire suppression efforts are only to occur once hazard from transport vehicle has been determined and your supervisor has deemed it safe to proceed Forest fire suppression efforts are only to occur once the hazard from the transport vehicle has been determined and your supervisor has deemed it safe to proceed.Forest fire suppression efforts are only to occur once the hazard from the transport vehicle has been determined and your supervisor has deemed it safe to proceed.

42. Automobile FiresPotential Hazard Main danger from gasoline tank Automobiles have many closed containers that could explode Synthetic material has potential to give off toxic fumes when burning Automobile Fires – Potential Hazard Automobile fires present an entirely different set of hazards. The main danger lies in the gasoline tank and the possibility of either an explosion or leaking of a flammable liquid. ? Automobiles also have many closed containers including oil reservoirs, tires and gas filled shock absorbers that could explode. ? Many synthetic materials are used in the construction of automobiles such as seat upholstery and interior trim material. These have the potential to give off toxic fumes when burning. Automobile Fires – Potential Hazard Automobile fires present an entirely different set of hazards. The main danger lies in the gasoline tank and the possibility of either an explosion or leaking of a flammable liquid. ? Automobiles also have many closed containers including oil reservoirs, tires and gas filled shock absorbers that could explode. ? Many synthetic materials are used in the construction of automobiles such as seat upholstery and interior trim material. These have the potential to give off toxic fumes when burning.

43. Automobile FiresAppropriate Response Anticipate possibility of explosion Ensure personal safety Advise supervisor and request appropriate professional assistance Avoid fumes – stay up wind Appropriate Response: Anticipate the possibility of an explosion and do not approach the burning vehicle. ? Ensure personal safety for yourself, your crew and people in the immediate vicinity. ? Advise your supervisor of the situation and request the appropriate professional assistance if it is not already enroute or on the scene. ? Avoid inhaling fumes. Stay up wind.Appropriate Response: Anticipate the possibility of an explosion and do not approach the burning vehicle. ? Ensure personal safety for yourself, your crew and people in the immediate vicinity. ? Advise your supervisor of the situation and request the appropriate professional assistance if it is not already enroute or on the scene. ? Avoid inhaling fumes. Stay up wind.

44. Summary: Structural and Other Non-Forest Fires Use extreme caution Develop ability to recognize and react to changing conditions Remain alert; watch for the unexpected, the unusual or the unpredictable hazard that may pose risk to you and crew and act decisively When in doubt, get out! Whether it is a forest fire approaching a structure, a structural fire or a forest fire caused from a garbage dump, rail or transport vehicle burning; extreme caution must be used. ? As a crew boss, you must develop the ability to recognize and react to changing conditions. ? Remain alert and watch for the unexpected, the unusual or the unpredictable hazard that may pose a risk to you and the crew and react decisively. ? And remember … When in doubt, get out!Whether it is a forest fire approaching a structure, a structural fire or a forest fire caused from a garbage dump, rail or transport vehicle burning; extreme caution must be used. ? As a crew boss, you must develop the ability to recognize and react to changing conditions. ? Remain alert and watch for the unexpected, the unusual or the unpredictable hazard that may pose a risk to you and the crew and react decisively. ? And remember … When in doubt, get out!

45. Working in Hazardous Fuels Hazardous Fuels: Large tracts of blowdown, severe winter storm damage, dead Balsam Fir stands, and Jackpine budworm infestations Guideline: Working in Hazardous Fuels Ensure guidelines are implemented when required Working in Hazardous Fuels Over the past twenty years, Ontario has witnessed an increase in natural disturbances that has resulted in significant damage to forested areas. The affected areas include large tracts of blowdown, severe winter storm damage, dead Balsam Fir stands and more recently Jackpine budworm infestations. ? These areas present some unique challenges for fire managers from a firefighter safety standpoint. In response to these changing fuel conditions in Ontario, a guideline related to Working in Hazardous Fuels has been developed. The guideline ensures that all necessary precautions are taken to ensure the safety of fire personnel during initial attack and sustained attack operations. ? As a crew boss, you must be aware of these guidelines and make certain they are implemented when required.Working in Hazardous Fuels Over the past twenty years, Ontario has witnessed an increase in natural disturbances that has resulted in significant damage to forested areas. The affected areas include large tracts of blowdown, severe winter storm damage, dead Balsam Fir stands and more recently Jackpine budworm infestations. ? These areas present some unique challenges for fire managers from a firefighter safety standpoint. In response to these changing fuel conditions in Ontario, a guideline related to Working in Hazardous Fuels has been developed. The guideline ensures that all necessary precautions are taken to ensure the safety of fire personnel during initial attack and sustained attack operations. ? As a crew boss, you must be aware of these guidelines and make certain they are implemented when required.

46. WATCHOUT and LACES Your safety and the safety of the crew is directly affected by your ability to constantly know what is going on around you and to continuously keep an eye out for changing conditions. This is known as Situation Awareness and it’s essential you master this skill as a crew boss since it reduces the likelihood that you and the crew will be caught unexpectedly in a potentially dangerous situation. As you know, WATCHOUT and LACES are acronyms where each letter is associated with critical actions and critical thinking designed to keep you and the crew safe and aware of changing fire environments. It is critical you understand and communicate WATCHOUT and LACES to the crew on an ongoing basis. Exercise: On pages 28 and 29 in Module 3 of your student reference notes, fill in the two charts based on your knowledge and understanding of WATCHOUT and LACES. (Once completed, take up the answers with class to ensure accuracy and understanding using this slide and next slide.)WATCHOUT and LACES Your safety and the safety of the crew is directly affected by your ability to constantly know what is going on around you and to continuously keep an eye out for changing conditions. This is known as Situation Awareness and it’s essential you master this skill as a crew boss since it reduces the likelihood that you and the crew will be caught unexpectedly in a potentially dangerous situation. As you know, WATCHOUT and LACES are acronyms where each letter is associated with critical actions and critical thinking designed to keep you and the crew safe and aware of changing fire environments. It is critical you understand and communicate WATCHOUT and LACES to the crew on an ongoing basis. Exercise: On pages 28 and 29 in Module 3 of your student reference notes, fill in the two charts based on your knowledge and understanding of WATCHOUT and LACES. (Once completed, take up the answers with class to ensure accuracy and understanding using this slide and next slide.)

47. (Take up answers to LACES chart with class.)(Take up answers to LACES chart with class.)

48. Escape Routes and Safety Zones Before starting work on fireline, escape routes and safety zones MUST be determined and clearly communicated to crew If changes become necessary, ensure everyone MUST be informed Escape Routes and Safety Zones The importance of escape routes and safety zones cannot be overemphasized. The safety of all firefighters depends on continually keeping awareness of escape routes and safety zones in the forefront every day, regardless of present fire behaviour and condition. Before starting work on the fireline, escape routes must be determined and clearly communicated to the crew. Moderate or minimal fire behaviour may make you complacent. Do not allow this to happen! Escape routes and safety zones still need to be determined and communicated. ? If changes to escape routes or safety zones become necessary, make sure everyone is informed.Escape Routes and Safety Zones The importance of escape routes and safety zones cannot be overemphasized. The safety of all firefighters depends on continually keeping awareness of escape routes and safety zones in the forefront every day, regardless of present fire behaviour and condition. Before starting work on the fireline, escape routes must be determined and clearly communicated to the crew. Moderate or minimal fire behaviour may make you complacent. Do not allow this to happen! Escape routes and safety zones still need to be determined and communicated. ? If changes to escape routes or safety zones become necessary, make sure everyone is informed.

49. Escape Routes and Safety Zones Blowup: “Listen” for sudden increases in rate of spread or fire intensity (sounds like a freight train) Determine if blowup will affect your position on the fire and take action if required Be alert at all times Listen for sudden increases in rate of spread and fire intensity, referred to as blowup. A blowup, even if not close to your section of line, can be distinctly heard. It sometimes sounds like a freight train heard from a long way off. ? Find out immediately if the blowup will affect your position on the fire and take action if required. ? Be alert at all times. Do not take anything for granted.Listen for sudden increases in rate of spread and fire intensity, referred to as blowup. A blowup, even if not close to your section of line, can be distinctly heard. It sometimes sounds like a freight train heard from a long way off. ? Find out immediately if the blowup will affect your position on the fire and take action if required. ? Be alert at all times. Do not take anything for granted.

50. Escape Routes and Safety Zones Safety zones are areas that will not readily burn, such as: A water source Marshy or boggy sites Large rock outcrops Unburned areas that have sparse fuels or slow-burning fuels, such as pure hardwood stands like poplar A completely burned-over area You will be provided with additional information on escape routes and safety zones in the SP200 Intermediate Fire Behaviour module.Safety zones are areas that will not readily burn, such as: A water source Marshy or boggy sites Large rock outcrops Unburned areas that have sparse fuels or slow-burning fuels, such as pure hardwood stands like poplar A completely burned-over area You will be provided with additional information on escape routes and safety zones in the SP200 Intermediate Fire Behaviour module.

51. Escape Routes and Safety Zones Note: Fire will consume oxygen from wells, caves and mines making them potential death traps These are NOT considered safety zones Note: Fire will consume oxygen from wells, caves and mines making them potential death traps. These are NOT considered safety zones. Note: Fire will consume oxygen from wells, caves and mines making them potential death traps. These are NOT considered safety zones.

52. Fire Entrapment DO NOT PANIC! Quickly assess situation and options available and communicate exit plan with crew Options to consider: Going back through the fire Using a motor vehicle for safety Using heavy equipment Fire Entrapment Fire entrapment does not occur often. As a crew boss, however, you must be prepared to react to the situation. Above all, DO NOT PANIC! Quickly assess the situation and the options that are available and communicate your exit plan with the crew! ? Options to consider are: Going back through the fire Using a motor vehicle for safety Using heavy equipmentFire Entrapment Fire entrapment does not occur often. As a crew boss, however, you must be prepared to react to the situation. Above all, DO NOT PANIC! Quickly assess the situation and the options that are available and communicate your exit plan with the crew! ? Options to consider are: Going back through the fire Using a motor vehicle for safety Using heavy equipment

53. Fire Entrapment Option: Going back through the fire Find area of fire front with light fuels, shortest flame lengths and shallowest flame depth Shirt sleeves buttoned; collar turned up; boots fully laced; pant legs tied to boots Use shovel blade, jacket or hard hat to deflect radiant heat from face If on charged hoseline, hose down area to reduce heat and flame lengths Option: Going back through the fire Find an area in the fire front that consists of light fuels. Choose an area where the flame lengths are the shortest and the flame depth is the shallowest. ? Protect yourselves as much as possible from the flames and radiated heat. Make sure shirt sleeves are buttoned, collars turned up, boots are properly tied and fully laced, and pant legs are tied to boots. ? Use a shovel blade, a jacket or a hard hat to deflect radiant heat from the face area. ? If a charged hoseline is available, hose down an area along the fireline in order to reduce the heat and flame lengths.Option: Going back through the fire Find an area in the fire front that consists of light fuels. Choose an area where the flame lengths are the shortest and the flame depth is the shallowest. ? Protect yourselves as much as possible from the flames and radiated heat. Make sure shirt sleeves are buttoned, collars turned up, boots are properly tied and fully laced, and pant legs are tied to boots. ? Use a shovel blade, a jacket or a hard hat to deflect radiant heat from the face area. ? If a charged hoseline is available, hose down an area along the fireline in order to reduce the heat and flame lengths.

54. Fire Entrapment Option: Going back through the fire Take a deep breath, move quickly through fire front and into burned area Avoid breathing hot gases. PROTECT YOUR AIRWAY Once in safe area, make sure clothing not on fire Check to ensure coworkers safe and accounted for Have the crew take a deep breath and move quickly through the fire front and into the burned area. ? Avoid breathing hot gases, as these can damage your airways and lungs, thus causing suffocation. In other words, PROTECT YOUR AIRWAY. ? Once in a safe area, make sure clothing is not on fire. ? Ensure that your co-workers are safe and accounted for.Have the crew take a deep breath and move quickly through the fire front and into the burned area. ? Avoid breathing hot gases, as these can damage your airways and lungs, thus causing suffocation. In other words, PROTECT YOUR AIRWAY. ? Once in a safe area, make sure clothing is not on fire. ? Ensure that your co-workers are safe and accounted for.

55. Fire Entrapment Option: Using a motor vehicle for safety Select spot on road that is wide, sheltered and furthest from highly combustible fuels Park on side away from approaching flames Park rather than drive into unknown – select area with visibility Option: Using a motor vehicle for safety Tests have shown that vehicles offer fair protection against smoke and radiant heat, particularly in fast-moving fires.If you are trapped by the fire and have a vehicle with you, select a spot on the road that is wide, sheltered, and furthest removed from any adjacent and highly combustible fuels. ? Park the vehicle on the side of the road away from the approaching flames. ? Find a good spot to park rather than driving into the unknown. Select an area where you have reasonable visibility and can see the surrounding area.Option: Using a motor vehicle for safety Tests have shown that vehicles offer fair protection against smoke and radiant heat, particularly in fast-moving fires.If you are trapped by the fire and have a vehicle with you, select a spot on the road that is wide, sheltered, and furthest removed from any adjacent and highly combustible fuels. ? Park the vehicle on the side of the road away from the approaching flames. ? Find a good spot to park rather than driving into the unknown. Select an area where you have reasonable visibility and can see the surrounding area.

56. Fire Entrapment Option: Using a motor vehicle for safety If in truck, remove flammable items from box Turn on vehicle’s headlights and activate four-way flashers Roll up windows, close vents Place clothing over windows to deflect heat Lie on floor and cover self with jacket or whatever is available. PROTECT YOUR AIRWAY If so equipped, have vehicle fire extinguisher ready to use If you are in a truck, remove any flammable items from the box. ? Turn on the vehicle’s headlights and activate the four-way flashers. There may be someone else out there in the same predicament that may run into your vehicle while driving in the smoke. ? Keep the windows rolled up and close the air vents. ? Place clothing over the windows to help to deflect the radiated heat. ? Lie on the floor and cover yourself with blankets, jackets and/or whatever else is available. PROTECT YOUR AIRWAY. ? If it is so equipped, remove the vehicle’s fire extinguisher from the rack and have it ready for use should objects inside or on the vehicle ignite.If you are in a truck, remove any flammable items from the box. ? Turn on the vehicle’s headlights and activate the four-way flashers. There may be someone else out there in the same predicament that may run into your vehicle while driving in the smoke. ? Keep the windows rolled up and close the air vents. ? Place clothing over the windows to help to deflect the radiated heat. ? Lie on the floor and cover yourself with blankets, jackets and/or whatever else is available. PROTECT YOUR AIRWAY. ? If it is so equipped, remove the vehicle’s fire extinguisher from the rack and have it ready for use should objects inside or on the vehicle ignite.

57. Fire Entrapment Option: Using heavy equipment Bulldozer operator will retreat to fire safe area or clear area down to mineral soil Stay clear of operation (2 tree lengths) and ensure operator can see you May be required to set “burnout” fire around safety area Bulldozer constructs depression in middle of safety zone – bulldozer then parks facing oncoming fire with blade down Option: Using heavy equipment The use of bulldozers and skidders on forest fires is fairly common. This equipment can be used to prepare a “fire-safe” area in the event of entrapment. The bulldozer operator will retreat to a fire-safe area or will clear an area down to mineral soil in order to create a fire-safe area. ? Ensure all members of the crew stay well clear of the operation (at least two times the height of the trees being bulldozed down), and ensure that the operator can see you at all times. ? You may be required to set a “burnout” fire around the safety area that is being constructed. Do so only if the burnout fire poses no danger to the dozer, the operator, yourself and the crew. This is done to quickly remove the fuels between the safety zone and the main fire. ? One of the final acts with the bulldozer will be to construct a depression in the middle of the safety zone. The bulldozer will be parked with the blade on the ground, facing the oncoming fire.Option: Using heavy equipment The use of bulldozers and skidders on forest fires is fairly common. This equipment can be used to prepare a “fire-safe” area in the event of entrapment. The bulldozer operator will retreat to a fire-safe area or will clear an area down to mineral soil in order to create a fire-safe area. ? Ensure all members of the crew stay well clear of the operation (at least two times the height of the trees being bulldozed down), and ensure that the operator can see you at all times. ? You may be required to set a “burnout” fire around the safety area that is being constructed. Do so only if the burnout fire poses no danger to the dozer, the operator, yourself and the crew. This is done to quickly remove the fuels between the safety zone and the main fire. ? One of the final acts with the bulldozer will be to construct a depression in the middle of the safety zone. The bulldozer will be parked with the blade on the ground, facing the oncoming fire.

58. Fire Entrapment Option: Using heavy equipment Remove combustible materials from bulldozer May be directed to put mineral soil on combustible areas of bulldozer Huddle in depression under bulldozer Keep calm. Do not panic Combustible material (e.g., fuel cans, oily rags, seats, and fine fuels that have become lodged in and around the engine cavities and the track) must be removed from the bulldozer. ? You may be directed to put mineral soil on the fuel tank, on areas that have been leaking hydraulic fluid, or on any combustible areas that may ignite. ? When both the area and the bulldozer have been fireproofed, you and your co-workers will huddle in the depression under the bulldozer. ? Keep calm and do not panic.Combustible material (e.g., fuel cans, oily rags, seats, and fine fuels that have become lodged in and around the engine cavities and the track) must be removed from the bulldozer. ? You may be directed to put mineral soil on the fuel tank, on areas that have been leaking hydraulic fluid, or on any combustible areas that may ignite. ? When both the area and the bulldozer have been fireproofed, you and your co-workers will huddle in the depression under the bulldozer. ? Keep calm and do not panic.

59. Fire Entrapment In all cases, advise your supervisor of your whereabouts and the whereabouts of the crew as soon as possible In all cases, advise your supervisor of your whereabouts and the whereabouts of the crew as soon as possible.In all cases, advise your supervisor of your whereabouts and the whereabouts of the crew as soon as possible.

60. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is critical to employee safety. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is critical to employee safety.

61. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Must be used in accordance with AFFES Personal Protective Equipment Policy PPE standards listed in Forest Fire Suppression Equipment Standards Manual It is your responsibility to ensure you and the members of the crew, use and maintain it properly, consistently and in accordance with MNR’s PPE policy. Applicable PPE and engineered controls must be utilized for the task at hand. As a crew boss, you need to review and understand the AFFES Personal Protective Equipment Policy. The policy is located on the AFFES website which is listed in Module 3 of your student reference notes. ? Personal protective equipment standards may change from time to time as the work changes, as new tools are introduced, and as hazard assessments are completed. MNR will keep an updated list of personal protective equipment standards in the Forest Fire Suppression Equipment (FFSE) Standards Manual. A summary of basic PPE requirements are listed in Module 3 of your student reference notes. If you have any questions about PPE requirements and use, ask your supervisor. It is your responsibility to ensure you and the members of the crew, use and maintain it properly, consistently and in accordance with MNR’s PPE policy. Applicable PPE and engineered controls must be utilized for the task at hand. As a crew boss, you need to review and understand the AFFES Personal Protective Equipment Policy. The policy is located on the AFFES website which is listed in Module 3 of your student reference notes. ? Personal protective equipment standards may change from time to time as the work changes, as new tools are introduced, and as hazard assessments are completed. MNR will keep an updated list of personal protective equipment standards in the Forest Fire Suppression Equipment (FFSE) Standards Manual. A summary of basic PPE requirements are listed in Module 3 of your student reference notes. If you have any questions about PPE requirements and use, ask your supervisor.

62. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Responsibility and Accountability (OHSA) Employer must ensure PPE, as prescribed, is provided, used and maintained Supervisor shall ensure that a worker uses or wears the PPE and use protective devices Worker must use or wear the PPE and protective devices Responsibility and Accountability - Occupational Health and Safety Act: ? The employer must ensure that personal protective equipment, as prescribed, is provided, used and maintained. ? The supervisor shall ensure that a worker uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be worn. ? The worker must use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing the worker’s employer requires be used or worn.Responsibility and Accountability - Occupational Health and Safety Act: ? The employer must ensure that personal protective equipment, as prescribed, is provided, used and maintained. ? The supervisor shall ensure that a worker uses or wears the equipment, protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be worn. ? The worker must use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing the worker’s employer requires be used or worn.

63. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) When working with hazardous materials, workers must review the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet and use the recommended PPE Note: When working with hazardous materials, workers must review the appropriate MSDS and use the recommended PPE. Note: When working with hazardous materials, workers must review the appropriate MSDS and use the recommended PPE.

64. Safety – Some Final Thoughts Every decision and every action must start with the question: Will it be done safely? Use the right tool for the job Do things the “correct” way … the way you were taught Do not take short-cuts. Always follow procedures Safety - Some Final Thoughts Safety is the most important aspect of the crew boss’ job. Safety must always be in the forefront and every decision and every action must start with the question … will it be done safely? ? Safety is also influenced by the tools you select. You must use the right tool for the job. ? Beyond the right tool, do things the “correct” way … the way you were taught. ? Do not take short-cuts. Always ensure that you follow procedures. Safety - Some Final Thoughts Safety is the most important aspect of the crew boss’ job. Safety must always be in the forefront and every decision and every action must start with the question … will it be done safely? ? Safety is also influenced by the tools you select. You must use the right tool for the job. ? Beyond the right tool, do things the “correct” way … the way you were taught. ? Do not take short-cuts. Always ensure that you follow procedures.

65. Safety – Some Final Thoughts If a worker is performing an unsafe act, take time to correct the worker If a worker continues an unsafe act, vacate area and inform supervisor of situation Develop habit of asking “what if” questions Never let a sense of urgency remove you from your safety mindset If you see a fellow worker performing an unsafe act, take the time to correct him/her. His/her safety is your safety. ? If the worker persists in continuing the unsafe act or procedure, vacate the area and inform your supervisor of the situation. ? Develop a habit of asking “what if” questions in everything you do on the fireline. What if that tree falls this way? Am I safe? Is the crew safe? If not, I had better find another spot for lunch. What if that rock or log starts rolling this way? Am I safe? Is the crew safe? If not, we should have our rest break on the uphill side of those hazards. What if the fire flares up right now? Where can I go that would be safe for me and the crew? Would that stand of poplar provide enough protection? ? And finally never let a sense of urgency remove you from your safety mindset. A sense of urgency or haste may be necessary in order to complete the assigned task. However, the need for haste in completing the assignment may in fact result in the taking of short-cuts that will increase the possibility of an accident. If you are not able to safely work at the pace requested, tell your supervisor immediately.If you see a fellow worker performing an unsafe act, take the time to correct him/her. His/her safety is your safety. ? If the worker persists in continuing the unsafe act or procedure, vacate the area and inform your supervisor of the situation. ? Develop a habit of asking “what if” questions in everything you do on the fireline. What if that tree falls this way? Am I safe? Is the crew safe? If not, I had better find another spot for lunch. What if that rock or log starts rolling this way? Am I safe? Is the crew safe? If not, we should have our rest break on the uphill side of those hazards. What if the fire flares up right now? Where can I go that would be safe for me and the crew? Would that stand of poplar provide enough protection? ? And finally never let a sense of urgency remove you from your safety mindset. A sense of urgency or haste may be necessary in order to complete the assigned task. However, the need for haste in completing the assignment may in fact result in the taking of short-cuts that will increase the possibility of an accident. If you are not able to safely work at the pace requested, tell your supervisor immediately.

66. Safety – Some Final Thoughts Never accept a task if you are not confident it can be done safely! Above all, never accept a task if you are not confident it can be done safely!Above all, never accept a task if you are not confident it can be done safely!

67. Wellness Wellness is an interactive process of becoming aware of and practicing healthy choices to create a more successful and balanced lifestyle. Wellness involves 5 main elements: Nutrition Sleep Fatigue Morale Physical activity This section will provide you with a brief overview of each and your role as a crew boss to promote wellness within the crew.Wellness Wellness is an interactive process of becoming aware of and practicing healthy choices to create a more successful and balanced lifestyle. Wellness involves 5 main elements: Nutrition Sleep Fatigue Morale Physical activity This section will provide you with a brief overview of each and your role as a crew boss to promote wellness within the crew.

68. Nutrition Firefighting is physically demanding; may require 6,000 calories per day If enough calories are not consumed: Fatigue Loss of body weight and muscle Over time, impair muscle function and lead to illness A key part of Wellness is good eating habits and proper nutrition. Firefighting is a physically demanding occupation that may require 6,000 calories (kilocalories) per day particularly in highly demanding tasks like hand tool line construction. ? Firefighters who do not consume enough calories will become fatigued and lose body weight and muscle. Consuming too few calories over the weeks and months of a busy fire season can impair immune function and lead to illness. This is not the time to lose weight. Firefighters should check their weight every 2 weeks to monitor their energy balance. A key part of Wellness is good eating habits and proper nutrition. Firefighting is a physically demanding occupation that may require 6,000 calories (kilocalories) per day particularly in highly demanding tasks like hand tool line construction. ? Firefighters who do not consume enough calories will become fatigued and lose body weight and muscle. Consuming too few calories over the weeks and months of a busy fire season can impair immune function and lead to illness. This is not the time to lose weight. Firefighters should check their weight every 2 weeks to monitor their energy balance.

69. Nutrition Energy (calories) comes from: Carbohydrate Fat Protein Daily requirement for each to meet needs of physical demands of firefighting Ensure right combinations of food available to provide daily requirement Energy (calories) comes from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. ? There is a daily requirement for each to meet needs of physical demands of firefighting. Guidelines for determining daily requirements are provided in Module 3 of your student reference notes. ? As a crew boss, you need to observe the intake of carbohydrates, fat and protein within the crew and suggest changes when required. Play an active role in food ordering to ensure the right combinations of foods are available to the crew and a well-balanced diet is maintained.Energy (calories) comes from carbohydrate, fat, and protein. ? There is a daily requirement for each to meet needs of physical demands of firefighting. Guidelines for determining daily requirements are provided in Module 3 of your student reference notes. ? As a crew boss, you need to observe the intake of carbohydrates, fat and protein within the crew and suggest changes when required. Play an active role in food ordering to ensure the right combinations of foods are available to the crew and a well-balanced diet is maintained.

70. Nutrition Fluid requirements: Recommend 1 litre of fluid for every hour of hard work Hydrate (drink fluids) before, during and after work Electrolytes (sodium and potassium) – to replace: Use salt at meals Eat salty foods during hard work Drink sports drinks during hard work Drink milk at breakfast or after work Fluid requirements vary from person to person and change with environmental stress. Wildland firefighters must drink enough water throughout the day so they don't lose more than 2 percent of their weight while working. The U.S. Army and American College of Sports Medicine recommend drinking 1 liter of fluid for every hour of hard work to maintain blood volume and the body's ability to cool itself by sweating. Hydrate (drink fluids) before, during, and after work. ? Electrolytes are minerals (sodium and potassium) that are important for nerve/muscle function, and for the body's fluid and acid/base balances. To replace electrolytes lost in sweat: Use the salt shaker at meals. Eat salty foods (pickles, olives, jerky) during hard work . Drink carbohydrate/electrolyte drinks (sport drinks) during hard work. Drink milk at breakfast or after work.Fluid requirements vary from person to person and change with environmental stress. Wildland firefighters must drink enough water throughout the day so they don't lose more than 2 percent of their weight while working. The U.S. Army and American College of Sports Medicine recommend drinking 1 liter of fluid for every hour of hard work to maintain blood volume and the body's ability to cool itself by sweating. Hydrate (drink fluids) before, during, and after work. ? Electrolytes are minerals (sodium and potassium) that are important for nerve/muscle function, and for the body's fluid and acid/base balances. To replace electrolytes lost in sweat: Use the salt shaker at meals. Eat salty foods (pickles, olives, jerky) during hard work . Drink carbohydrate/electrolyte drinks (sport drinks) during hard work. Drink milk at breakfast or after work.

71. Sleep Sleep deprivation can be dangerous Signs of sleep deprivation: Difficulty waking in morning Poor performance on the job Increased clumsiness Difficulty making decisions Falling asleep during work Feeling especially moody or irritable Sleep deprivation can be dangerous not only to you but others, since it affects motor skills and the ability to concentrate. Sleep deprivation occurs when you are not sleeping the right amount for your individual needs. ? Look for warning signs that may indicate sleep deprivation. These include: Difficulty waking up in the morning. Poor performance on the job. Increased clumsiness. Difficulty making decisions. Falling asleep during work. Feeling especially moody or irritated. Immediately report any sleep deprivation issues to your supervisor. Sleep deprivation can be dangerous not only to you but others, since it affects motor skills and the ability to concentrate. Sleep deprivation occurs when you are not sleeping the right amount for your individual needs. ? Look for warning signs that may indicate sleep deprivation. These include: Difficulty waking up in the morning. Poor performance on the job. Increased clumsiness. Difficulty making decisions. Falling asleep during work. Feeling especially moody or irritated. Immediately report any sleep deprivation issues to your supervisor.

72. Sleep Ensure crew gets required sleep Stress importance of proper sleep and set a good example As a crew boss, you can play an important role in ensuring the crew is getting required sleep. ? Stress the importance of proper sleep and set a good example. As a crew boss, you can play an important role in ensuring the crew is getting required sleep. ? Stress the importance of proper sleep and set a good example.

73. Fatigue Tired crewmembers become careless resulting in injury Fatigue contributes most often to accidents on fires Signs of fatigue: Frequent stumbling Droopy eyes Pale skin Lack of coordination Fatigue During long periods of fire duty, the crew boss must monitor each crewmember’s level of fatigue. When crewmembers become tired, they can become careless resulting in injury. ? In fact, fatigue is the factor that contributes most often to accidents on fires. Firefighters work long hours in rough conditions which can be very tiring. Every person has a different rate of fatigue. A watchful crew boss must be able to recognize when crewmembers are becoming too tired to work safely. Then steps must be taken to permit crewmembers to receive adequate rest and food breaks before continuing their work. ? Signs of fatigue include: Frequent stumbling Droopy eyes Pale skin Lack of coordinationFatigue During long periods of fire duty, the crew boss must monitor each crewmember’s level of fatigue. When crewmembers become tired, they can become careless resulting in injury. ? In fact, fatigue is the factor that contributes most often to accidents on fires. Firefighters work long hours in rough conditions which can be very tiring. Every person has a different rate of fatigue. A watchful crew boss must be able to recognize when crewmembers are becoming too tired to work safely. Then steps must be taken to permit crewmembers to receive adequate rest and food breaks before continuing their work. ? Signs of fatigue include: Frequent stumbling Droopy eyes Pale skin Lack of coordination

74. Fatigue To reduce fatigue: Ensure crewmembers receive enough rest Ensure camp sites quiet and comfortable Ensure camp sites kept clean Strongly emphasize personal hygiene (feet) Order nutritional food, vary menus and diet To reduce fatigue during periods of hard work and long hours, the crew boss must do the following: ? Ensure crewmembers receive enough rest. ? Ensure camp sites are quiet and as comfortable as possible. ? Ensure camp sites are kept clean for crew comfort and animal control. ? Strongly emphasize personal hygiene, particularly care of the feet. ? Order food that meets both the nutritional needs of the crew and gives a variety of menus and diet.To reduce fatigue during periods of hard work and long hours, the crew boss must do the following: ? Ensure crewmembers receive enough rest. ? Ensure camp sites are quiet and as comfortable as possible. ? Ensure camp sites are kept clean for crew comfort and animal control. ? Strongly emphasize personal hygiene, particularly care of the feet. ? Order food that meets both the nutritional needs of the crew and gives a variety of menus and diet.

75. Morale “Morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose” Morale Morale, also known as esprit de corps, is an intangible term used for the capacity of people to maintain belief in an institution or a goal, or even in oneself and others. According to Alexander H. Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose”. The importance of positive crew morale should not be underestimated. When morale is high, production goes up, dissention is eliminated, a sense of humour prevails, crew cohesiveness is improved and an overall sense of wellness in the crew is achieved. Morale Morale, also known as esprit de corps, is an intangible term used for the capacity of people to maintain belief in an institution or a goal, or even in oneself and others. According to Alexander H. Leighton, "morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose”. The importance of positive crew morale should not be underestimated. When morale is high, production goes up, dissention is eliminated, a sense of humour prevails, crew cohesiveness is improved and an overall sense of wellness in the crew is achieved.

76. Morale Factors having negative effect on morale: Long hours in difficult environment Away from family and friends for long periods Uncertainty of when deployment ends Lack of information (real or perceived) Lack of service (food, equipment, people) Routine, repetitive work (e.g., mop-up) Living in close quarters with others Absence of comforts/conveniences There are many factors in fire fighting that can have a negative effect on morale and while these cannot be eliminated, knowing these factors can assist in overcoming them. These include: ? Long hours of work in a difficult environment. ? Being away from family and friends for extended periods of time. ? The uncertainty of when the deployment will end. ? A lack of information (perceived or real). ? A lack of service including delayed food orders, equipment orders or human resources. ? Routine, sometimes repetitive work, particularly in the mop-up stage. ? Living in close quarters with others. ? The absence of comforts/conveniences we are all accustomed to.There are many factors in fire fighting that can have a negative effect on morale and while these cannot be eliminated, knowing these factors can assist in overcoming them. These include: ? Long hours of work in a difficult environment. ? Being away from family and friends for extended periods of time. ? The uncertainty of when the deployment will end. ? A lack of information (perceived or real). ? A lack of service including delayed food orders, equipment orders or human resources. ? Routine, sometimes repetitive work, particularly in the mop-up stage. ? Living in close quarters with others. ? The absence of comforts/conveniences we are all accustomed to.

77. Morale Strategies to keep morale high: Set good example Keep crew motivated with positive attitude Deal with minor issues/disagreements before become major problems Cultivate sense of mutual respect on crew and treat everyone equally As a crew boss you have an important role to play in crew morale. The following strategies will assist you to keep morale high: ? First and foremost set a good example - stay positive regardless of the situation. ? Look at the bright side of things and keep the crew motivated through a positive attitude. ? Deal with minor issues or disagreements on the crew before they become major problems. ? Cultivate a sense of mutual respect on the crew and treat everyone equally. As a crew boss you have an important role to play in crew morale. The following strategies will assist you to keep morale high: ? First and foremost set a good example - stay positive regardless of the situation. ? Look at the bright side of things and keep the crew motivated through a positive attitude. ? Deal with minor issues or disagreements on the crew before they become major problems. ? Cultivate a sense of mutual respect on the crew and treat everyone equally.

78. Morale Strategies to keep morale high: Stay informed and provide crew with ongoing information and updates Encourage crew to call home when possible Encourage crew to bring items to occupy time during slow periods (books, games, etc.) Plan evening activities that crew can do together Remember, a positive attitude is contagious! Stay informed and provide the crew with ongoing information and updates. ? Encourage the crew to call home whenever possible. ? Encourage the crew to bring items that will occupy their time during slow periods (i.e., books, hand-held games, trivia, etc.). ? Plan evening activities that the crew can pursue together (i.e., small projects that will increase the comfort of the crew). ? Remember, a positive attitude is contagious!Stay informed and provide the crew with ongoing information and updates. ? Encourage the crew to call home whenever possible. ? Encourage the crew to bring items that will occupy their time during slow periods (i.e., books, hand-held games, trivia, etc.). ? Plan evening activities that the crew can pursue together (i.e., small projects that will increase the comfort of the crew). ? Remember, a positive attitude is contagious!

79. Physical Activity Exercising and staying physically fit important for maintaining health and overall wellness Improves health of heart and lungs Lowers cholesterol and blood pressure Maintains weight Improves strength and flexibility Improves mental health Physical Activity Exercising and staying physically fit are an important part of maintaining your health and overall Wellness. Proper exercise and fitness will lower your chance of heart disease, stroke, and other chronic diseases. It allows you to: ? Improve the health of your heart and lungs. ? Lower your cholesterol and blood pressure. ? Maintain your weight. ? Improve your strength and flexibility which makes daily activities easier and lowers your chance of osteoporosis, broken bones, pulled muscles, and other injuries. ? Improve your mental health by lowering anxiety and depression and increasing feelings of control and well-being.Physical Activity Exercising and staying physically fit are an important part of maintaining your health and overall Wellness. Proper exercise and fitness will lower your chance of heart disease, stroke, and other chronic diseases. It allows you to: ? Improve the health of your heart and lungs. ? Lower your cholesterol and blood pressure. ? Maintain your weight. ? Improve your strength and flexibility which makes daily activities easier and lowers your chance of osteoporosis, broken bones, pulled muscles, and other injuries. ? Improve your mental health by lowering anxiety and depression and increasing feelings of control and well-being.

80. Physical Activity Three categories of physical activity: Cardiovascular Strength Flexibility A good exercise program includes combination of all three All physical activity falls under three main categories: Cardiovascular, Strength and Flexibility. ? A good exercise program will include some combination of all three. Before starting any exercise program you should get approval from your doctor or healthcare provider. All physical activity falls under three main categories: Cardiovascular, Strength and Flexibility. ? A good exercise program will include some combination of all three. Before starting any exercise program you should get approval from your doctor or healthcare provider.

81. Module Summary HEALTH Special Health Concerns Protecting Health in Firefighting Environment In this module, we have covered the following topics. Under Health, we discussed: Special Health Concerns Protecting Your Health and the Health of Others in Firefighting EnvironmentIn this module, we have covered the following topics. Under Health, we discussed: Special Health Concerns Protecting Your Health and the Health of Others in Firefighting Environment

82. Module Summary SAFETY OHSA (Internal Responsibility System) Risk Assessment Process Lessons Learned After Action Review (AAR) Night Firefighting Operations Working Near Smoke Structural Fires and Other Non-Forest Fires Under Safety: OHSA – Internal Responsibility System Risk Assessment Process Lessons Learned After Action Review (AAR) Night Firefighting Operations Working Near Smoke Structural Fires and Other Non-Forest FiresUnder Safety: OHSA – Internal Responsibility System Risk Assessment Process Lessons Learned After Action Review (AAR) Night Firefighting Operations Working Near Smoke Structural Fires and Other Non-Forest Fires

83. Module Summary SAFETY Working in Hazardous Fuels WATCHOUT and LACES Escape Routes and Safety Zones Fire Entrapment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Safety – Final Thoughts Working in Hazardous Fuels WATCHOUT and LACES Escape Routes and Safety Zones Fire Entrapment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Safety – Final ThoughtsWorking in Hazardous Fuels WATCHOUT and LACES Escape Routes and Safety Zones Fire Entrapment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Safety – Final Thoughts

84. Module Summary WELLNESS Nutrition Sleep Fatigue Morale Physical Activity Under Wellness, we covered: Nutrition Sleep Fatigue Morale Physical ActivityUnder Wellness, we covered: Nutrition Sleep Fatigue Morale Physical Activity