Warm-Up: 3/15

1. Warm-Up: 3/15 • Approximately three-fourths of the world’s industrial production is concentrated in four regions. Which of the following is NOT a part of one of these four regions? A. southeastern Canada B. Ukraine C. eastern Russia D. Japan E. western Europe • The industrial revolution began in A. Great Britain B. Japan C. the Soviet Union D. the United States E. Germany • The lowest cost form of transporting goods very long distances is: A. truck B. train C. ship D. airplane • The location of a maquiladora plant is a good example of the importance of A. situation factors B. site factors C. post-Fordist production D. break-of-bulk points E. transportation factors • Soft drink bottling is an example of a A. perishable industry B. specialized industry C. bulk-gaining industry D. communications-oriented industry E. single-market industry

2. Where did industry originate? Industrialization Where did Industrialization originate?

3. Where did industry originate? • In Great Britain, during the late eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution was born. • Innovationsin manufacturing and efficiency brought higher quantities of high quality goods to consumers for lower prices than ever before in history. • Goods such as guns, food, tobacco, and textiles were processed and manufactured efficiently.

4. Cottage Industries • Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories • Commonly found before the Industrial Revolution • Important cottage industry: textiles • Putters-out: conducted transactions between workers and merchants; the “middle men”

5. Examples of Technology created by the Industrial Revolution • Steam engine (1769)—James Watt • Puddling (method that effectively purified pig iron)—Henry Cort • Modern railway (1784)—William Symington and William Murdoch • Cotton gin (1793)—Eli Whitney • Canning method (1810)—Nicholas Appert • Tinned can (1839)—Peter Durand

7. Industries Affected During the Industrial Revolution • Iron Industry • This was the first industry to benefit from invention of the steam engine. • Iron ore mined from the ground was smelted in blast furnaces, poured into casts, then transported for further refinement from the pig iron form. • The steam engine kept the furnaces hot during the heating and cooling of the iron and steel during production.

8. Industries Affected During the Industrial Revolution • Coal Industry • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, the primary source of energy was wood. • Wood was becoming scarcebecause it was being used for fuel, shipbuilding, construction, and furniture. • The industries (furnace, mills, and forges) became clusteredintofour large integrated centers, all situated near coal fields: • Clydeside • South Wales • Staffordshire • South Yorkshire

9. Industries Affected During the Industrial Revolution • Engineering • 1795—James Wattand Matthew Bolsonbegan their own business. • They produced hundreds of new machines that greatly increased the efficiencyof the industrial process. • This gave birth to modern engineeringand the manufacture of machine parts.

10. Industries Affected During the Industrial Revolution • Transportation • There were transportation inventions, such as canalsandrailways, during the Industrial Revolution. • Development of the railway, also known as the “iron horse” • 1825—firstpublic railwayin the north of England

11. Industries Affected During the Industrial Revolution • Textiles • 1760-1800: Many inventions transformed the textile industry from a cottage industry into a complex factory system • Chemicals: used to bleach and dye clothing • It was discovered that, by combining natural fibers, such as wool and cotton, with various chemicals, new synthetic materials would be formed. • Today: the largest textile factories in the world are owned by chemical companies.

12. Industries Affected During the Industrial Revolution • Food Processing • The workers of the Industrial Revolution could not grow their own food and work factory jobs. • Canning preserved food by killing the bacteria that spoil food. • The tinned can made canning cheaper than earlier glass bottling techniques.

13. Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution from the United Kingdom • 1851: Crystal Palace: World’s Fair in London; symbolized Britain’s dominance in the Industrial Revolution • At the time, Britain produced ½ of the world’s cotton fabric and iron AND mined 2/3 of the coal being used in the world. • The Industrial Revolution spread eastward to Europe and westward to the U.S.

14. DIFFUSION TO EUROPE • The political disruptions of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars delayed the spread of the Industrial Revolution to other European countries until the end of the 19th century. Then, it reached the Netherlands, Russia, and Sweden. • The Netherlands, Russia, and Sweden did not reach the level of industrialization of France, Britain, Belgium, and Germany until the 20th century.

15. DIFFUSION TO THE U.S. • Samuel Slater, a former worker at a factory in England, built the first U.S. textile mill in Rhode Island in 1791. • To avoid entanglement in the Napoleonic Wars, the U.S. imposed a trade embargo with Europe in 1808. The embargo sparked domestic industrial development in the U.S. • In the late 19th and early 20th centuries industrial technology spread to Japan, Canada, and many former British colonies.

16. Diffusion of Industrial Revolution • For a century, Great Britain held a virtual monopoly on its industrial innovations • Government actively tried to prevent diffusion • Gave Britain enormous economic advantage • Contributed greatly to growth and strength of British Empire • Continental Europe received its impact in last half of the nineteenth century

17. Diffusion of railroads across Europe provides a good index of the spread of technology and the Industrial Revolution Was diffusion hierarchical or contagious?

18. Diffusion of Industrial Revolution Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution changed cultures in much of the world.

19. Diffusion beyond Great Britain • Industrial technology finally diffused beyond the British Isles • United States began rapid adoption of new technology about 1850 • About 1900, Japan was the first major non-Western country to undergo full industrialization • Early in the 20th century, industrialization spread into Russia and Ukraine • In the second half of the 20th century, countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, China, India, and Singapore joined the manufacturing age

20. Remember that industry remains concentrated in four regions! • Eastern North America • Western Europe • Eastern Europe (e.g. Russia) • East Asia (e.g. Japan)

21. Interesting… • Toys ‘R Us is now at the site of the first factory in Great Britain—Manchester, England

22. Artist’s View of Industrialization • Poets and artists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reacted strongly to the emerging landscape. Have we agreed to the ongoing destruction of the planet in exchange for living comfortably today?

23. Industry creates a landscape, not for beauty, but for profit and utility • Renewable resource crises • Deforestation • Open-pit mines • Strip-mining • Overfishing • Industrial landscapes • Air and water pollution • Acid rain • Greenhouse effect and ozone depletion