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Respiratory practical block Pathology practical I and II Dr Shaesta Naseem Zaidi

Respiratory practical block Pathology practical I and II Dr Shaesta Naseem Zaidi. 1-Lobar pneumonia. Lobar pneumonia. The consolidated lower lobe. Pale and firm cut surface of left lower lobe. Lobar pneumonia: Section of the lung shows diffuse consolidation:.

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Respiratory practical block Pathology practical I and II Dr Shaesta Naseem Zaidi

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  1. Respiratory practical blockPathology practical I and IIDr Shaesta Naseem Zaidi

  2. 1-Lobar pneumonia

  3. Lobar pneumonia • The consolidated lower lobe. • Pale and firm cut surface of left lower lobe.

  4. Lobar pneumonia:Section of the lung shows diffuse consolidation: • All the dilated alveoli are filled with fibrinous exudate containing fibrin threads, polymorphs, macrophages and red cells. • Alveolar walls are congested.

  5. 2-Bronchopneumonia

  6. Left lung showing patchy and focal consolidation involving both lobes. Note the presence of consolidated areas around the cut surface of the bronchi. The features are c/w bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia.

  7. Bronchopneumonia:Section of the lung shows foci of inflammatory consolidation surrounding bronchioles: • Bronchioles are filled with an inflammatory purulent exudate and show ulceration of mucosa, focal inflammation and necrosis of walls. • Alveoli surrounding the bronchiole are filled with fibrin threads , polymorphs and few macrophages. • Surrounding lung parenchyma shows congestion and edema.

  8. 3- Tuberculosis of the lung

  9. Ghon’s Complex consisting of a subpleural and hilar firm and pale lesions.

  10. Several enlarged and caseous hilar lymph nodes are seen.

  11. Organ: lung Dx : Caseous necrosis (tuberculosis)

  12. Tuberculous Granulomas

  13. Epitheloid cells in Granuloma Epithelioid and giant cell Granuloma is noted . It can be seen in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis

  14. MORE ACID-FAST BACILLI, AFB/Ziehl-Neelsen stain

  15. Miliary tuberculosis of the lung : • The alveolar septae contain many tubercles/granulomas which consist of epithelioid cells , few langhan’s giant cells and peripheral rim of lymphocytes with or without caseation

  16. 4-Emphysema

  17. Normal lung

  18. Lung showing scattered emphysematous bulla of variable sizes Bullous emphysema: A bulla is defined as an emphysematous space larger than 1 cm. Pneumothorax in such patients is caused by ruptured emphysematous peripheral bullae with accumulation of air in the pleural cavity.

  19. Panacinar emphysema Longitudinal mounted section of lung showing features of advanced panacinar (panlobular) pulmonary emphysema. Note the presence of numerous emphysematous spaces and peripheral bullae.

  20. Pathology of lung showing centrilobular emphysema characteristic of smoking. Close up of fixed, cut surface shows multiple cavities lined by heavy black carbon deposits.

  21. EMPHYSEMA (LUNG)

  22. There is destruction and disappearance of alveolar walls leaving emphysematous spaces.

  23. Emphysematous spaces and destruction of alveolar walls.

  24. Emphysema:Section of lung shows: • Increase in the size of air spaces. • There is destruction and disappearance of alveolar walls leaving emphysematous spaces • Some of the alveolar septae are ruptured and the ruptured septa project with in air spaces on the form of spurs. • Alveolar blood vessels show reactive thickening of their walls.

  25. 5-Bronchiectasis

  26. -Permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of muscle and elastic tissue resulting from or associated with chronic necrotizing infection -Markedly distended peripheral bronchi.

  27. Longitudinal section of lung showing markedly dilated bronchi with surrounding areas of pale fibrosis. Note that the disease is more sever e in the lower lobe.

  28. In brochiectasis, mucus production increases, the cilia are destroyed or damaged, and areas of the bronchial wall become chronically inflamed and are destroyed .

  29. Section of a dilated bronchi with florid acute on chronic inflammation of the bronchial wall and surrounding interstitial fibrosis.

  30. 6-Pulmonary embolus and infarction

  31. Pulmonary embolus and infarction Longitudinal transection of lung showing a wedge shaped peripheral hemorrhagic infarction . A thrombus is seen in a major branch of pulmonary artery ( arrow head ) .

  32. Practical II Lung cancers

  33. TWO TYPES of lung carcinoma • NON-SMALL CELL • SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA • ADENOCARCINOMA • LARGE CELL CARCINOMA • SMALL CELL CARCINOMA

  34. SYSTEMIC effects of LUNG CANCER (PARA-NEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES)~ 5% ADH (hyponatremia) ACTH (Cushing) PTH (Hyper-CA) CALCITONIN (Hypo-CA) GONADOTROPINS SEROTONIN/BRADYKININ

  35. 7-Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

  36. Central pale large and irregular hilar mass arising from lower branch of left main bronchus. It is also involving the adjacent anthracotic (carbon containing) hilar lymph nodes.

  37. Moderately differentiated and keratinising squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant squamous cells showing Pleomorphism and keratinization.

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