The Power of Dogma: Shaping Our Faith and Understanding of Truth

1. UNIT FOUR The Church Is Teacher

2. 4.1 Creeds, Laws, Dogmas, and Doctrines

3. Who Needs Dogma? • Dogma: Core teaching issued with the highest authority • What we believe about God influences the choices we make • Dogma forms the framework for a Christian worldview • It shapes our understanding of good and bad • It shapes our attitude toward suffering and setbacks in life • It helps us determine what we should try to change and what we should leave to God

4. Dogma • Those truths which the Church teaches have been specifically revealed by god • Acceptance of dogma is essential for complete faith and the deepest possible relationship with God • Denial of dogma is heresy

5. The Good News Is Rooted In The Truth • Jesus said, “you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free” (John 8:32) • Knowledge alone will not lead a person to the truth and to freedom • Knowledge needs to be systematized and categorized before it can reveal the truth • Types of truth include scientific and religious • Both are objective

6. The Good News is a Message of Truth • Glad tidings to the poor • Liberty to captives • Recovery of sight to the blind

7. Two things go hand in hand with our sharing of the good news. • A relationship with God • An understanding of reality • We are called to share and live the good news in such a way that those who meet us are aware of God’s presence and gain a clearer understanding of the truth.

8. Passing On The Truth Through Scripture • The Bible is normative for all of Catholic faith and theology. • Scripture is the word of God and should guide us in all that we do. • The Holy Spirit inspired the authors of the Bible so that they wrote what God desired them to write. • Scripture is true in its essence.

9. Scripture Must Always Be Interpreted • The word of God expressed in human words has been shaped and limited by human weaknesses and limitations. • In order for us to understand scripture fully, we must consider how it would have been understood by the people for whom it was originally written.

10. The Bible is the Book of the Church • The Catholic faith is a faith of the living Word of God • Each generation must use the critical tools which are available to it in order to read and interpret scripture in light of its own knowledge and experience. • This should take place within the community

11. The Canon of Scripture • Scripture developed in response to the Church • The Church had to decide which of the many letters, gospels and instructions about Jesus and Church doctrine it would consider authoritative.

12. Canon • Name for those books which have been accepted by the Church as normative for faith.

13. Doctrine • An official teaching of the Church

14. Marcion threat • Middle of the 2nd century • Called himself a Christian but did not embrace the doctrines of the majority in the Church • Developed own “Christian doctrine” to suit anti-Jewish, anti-material biases • Tried to purge Christianity of everything Jewish • Teachings contradicted several fundamental principles of Christianity; Labeled a heretic

15. The Christian Church Responds to Marcion • Apostles’ Creed and the canon (official list of Christian Scriptures) were developed

16. Three Main Criteria used to determine sacredness of particular book • Apostolic Authorship • Book had to come from the apostles, either directly or through those who had known them. • Orthodox Content • It had to portray Jesus in a way that was compatible with the faith of the majority of Christians. • Catholicity • It had to enjoy widespread and frequent use in the worship and teaching of the Church.

17. Truth Through Tradition • Scripture is written account of God’s self-revelation to humanity. • Before the scriptures became the written word, they were the lived experience and knowledge of the apostles and other early Christians. • They continue to be interpreted and explained.

18. Tradition of the Church • The faith which the Church has received from Christ through the apostles and all of the ways the faith has been passed on: • In creeds • In doctrines • Decisions of the magisterium • Liturgies • Patterns of prayer and service

19. Teachers of Doctrine In the Early Church • Christian apologists worked hard to dispel the false rumors about Christianity and to make Christianity appear both reasonable and acceptable to non-Christians. • Several apologists were particularly influential in defining and explaining the basics of Christian doctrine • Irenaeus • Clement of Alexandria • Tertullian • Origen

20. Apologists • “Defenders of the faith” • Christians who worked hard to dispel the false rumors about Christianity and to make Christianity appear both reasonable and acceptable to non-Christians

21. Irenaeus • First and foremost, he was a pastor who wrote because he wanted the people in his care to understand the basics of Christian faith. • He wanted them to know that God is a loving God, a good shepherd who desires what is best for all of creation. • He took a firm stand against all who would claim that the physical was either evil or undesirable • God intended to join our physical nature with his spiritual one

22. Irenaeus’ beliefs central to Catholic theology • Human beings are good • What we do with our bodies is significant to our relationship with God • Human progress is part of God’s plan for creation

23. Clement of Alexandria • Attempted to establish connections between Christianity and Greek philosophy • He wanted to show pagans that much of Christian doctrine could be supported by Plato • The law, given to the Jews and the philosophy given to the Greeks both pointed to the same ultimate truth, now revealed in Jesus

24. Tertullian • Christians must reject everything that wasn’t explicitly Christian. • Prescription Against Heretics states, claimed that the Church is the rightful owner of scripture. • Heretics have no right to use them or to interpret them in a way that contradicts the Church • Church’s interpretation of scripture can be traced in a direct line back to the apostles, their interpretation is the true one

25. Origen • He sought to explain Christian doctrine to the pagans and to relate Christian theology to pagan philosophy. • He concerned himself with making sure that Christian doctrine was not set aside in favor of pagan philosophy.

26. Those things which are essential to Christianity (according to Origen) • The belief that there is only one God who is the creator and ruler of the entire universe. • Jesus Christ is the Son of God and he became fully human in his Incarnation, remaining fully divine. • The Holy Spirit shares in the glory and divinity of the Father and Son. • There will be a final judgment and a final resurrection of the body.

27. Son of God • Title for Jesus that refers to his relationship with the other Persons of the Trinity

28. Incarnation • Becoming human • Even and process in which the eternal Son of God took on flesh and entered human history

29. Divine • Literally means “of God”

30. Fundamentals of Dogma • There are certain beliefs and principles which are central to Christian faith. • If these are altered or contradicted in any way the resulting belief system is no longer Christian. • Those beliefs which are essential to Christian faith are called dogmas. • Dogmas are truths which we believe have been specifically revealed by God.

31. Heresy • Literally means “choice” • A conscious, deliberate, and persistent or public denial by a member of the Church of one or more of the truths of faith (dogma). • Heretics are people who have separated themselves from the Church because they are unwilling to organize their lives in accordance with the truth which the Church teaches.

32. Apostles’ Creed • One of two great creeds, or statements of belief of the Church • Considered to be a summary of the apostles’ faith • Ancient baptismal symbol of the Church of Rome

33. Beliefs basic to Catholic faith. • Everything that exists was created by God and therefore serves a purpose. • Jesus Christ, the Son of God, existed with the father from the beginning, was begotten not made, was born of the Virgin Mary, and became human. • Jesus, if one person, has two natures.

34. Heretical Teachings on Jesus • Arianism: Jesus was created, not begotten. • Docetism: Jesus was not human at all; he only appeared human. • Apollinarianism: Claimed that although Jesus had a human body, he had no human soul. • Monophysitism: Jesus had been born fully human; However his human nature had been completely absorbed by his divine nature.

35. Current heretical beliefs and practices • Popular society sees little worth in suffering • Call for assisted suicides and euthanasia in name of “death with dignity”

36. The Holy Trinity • Central mystery of the Christian faith • That God is One in three persons

37. God does not have three different ways of interacting with people. We do not perceive God in three different ways. We do not believe the three persons have three distinct roles. God’s nature is relational. God is love. All love flows from the love which exists between the Father, Son and Spirit. God in all three persons created the universe, redeemed humanity and sustains us. What the Trinity is NOT What the Trinity is

38. Summary of beliefs in the Trinity • We are called to become one with the persons of the Trinity who are already one among themselves. • Whatever one does, all three do. • Because the Trinity is one, God was made accessible to humanity in the person of Jesus Christ and god continues to be accessible in the Church in which the Holy Spirit lives.

39. Mary, the Mother of God • Foundational Church dogmas • Corollary to the belief that Jesus is fully human and fully divine • Nestorius taught the heresy that God could not be totally dependent upon a human being; thus we must say that it was only Jesus’ human self which was born of Mary, his divine self was not.

40. Council of Ephesus • Denounced Nestorius • Jesus is one person with two natures. • Everything which Jesus experienced by his whole person. • From the moment of his conception, Jesus was both fully human and fully divine. • Mary can be rightly called the Mother of God. • In Mary, the divine and the human were eternally joined.

41. Monotheism • Belief that there is only one God

42. Dogma related to Doctrine • Dogmas are truths which we believe have been specifically revealed by God. • Person’s acceptance of Church dogma is essential to a complete faith and the deepest possible relationship with God. • Dogmas are infallible and cannot be reformed. • They cannot change in their essence

43. Dogma is limited in its expression • People in different time periods have different thought categories, conceptions and different ways of perceiving and responding to the world. • Example is the Church’s response to Galileo • Proclaimed heretic for declaring that the earth revolved around the sun • Later, became clear one could accept Galileo’s teachings without rejecting Christianity

44. Dogma • Each time the magisterium declares that a particular statement or concept is part of the deposit of faith, Catholics are obliged to accept their assertion as true. • Every dogmatic statement protects an essential truth which is in danger of being lost.

45. Doctrine • Church teachings which have not been directly revealed by God but which reflect our best understanding of that which has been revealed. • Refers to any belief or teaching which has the official approval of the magisterium • Establishes the boundaries for preaching and catechesis

46. Adherence to Church Teaching • The pope has the authority to proclaim something as dogma. • If he proclaims with a definitive act that a doctrine of faith or morals is to be accepted as part of God’s Revelation and thus as an infallible dogma, it is indeed an infallible dogma.

47. Infallibility • Spiritual attribute possessed by the Church as a whole ensuring that the Church will never cease to be the body of Christ on earth. • More commonly used to refer to the special attribute possessed by the pope and by the college of bishops in communion with the pope which ensures that when they speak on matters of faith and morals they are free of error.

48. Ecumenical council • Gathering of all the Catholic bishops of the world • “Ecumenical” pertains to a theological recognition of and willingness to learn from those of different faith traditions • Determine those things which all the local churches will hold in common

49. Role of the Magisterium • The Holy Spirit guides the Church through the Magisterium. • Preaching the gospel and applying it to the lives of Catholics is to help us to do God’s will and to bring about God’s kingdom • Jesus speaks through the magisterium offering the voice of truth. • Preserves saving truth of Jesus • Expounds upon it regarding contemporary issues

50. Ways Church functions as teacher • Papal encyclicals: official letters of the pope to the universal Church and all people of good will • Pastoral letters: written by bishops for people in their own countries