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AKT211 – CAO 01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture

Explore the fundamentals of computer architecture and organization, covering CPU design, memory systems, instruction cycles, and more. Learn the distinctions between architecture and organization and how they impact programming. Gain insights into the structure and function of key components in computer systems.

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AKT211 – CAO 01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture

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  1. AKT211 – CAO01 - Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture Ghifar Parahyangan Catholic University August 22, 2011

  2. Outline • What is computer architecture? • What is computer organization? • Computer function & structure • Instruction cycle

  3. Architecture People about computer architecture : • Baer : “The design of the integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer” • Hayes : “The study of the structure, behavior and design of computers” • Foster : “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with”

  4. Architecture(2) The different usages of the term: • The design of a computer’s CPU architecture, instruction set, addressing modes • Description of the requirements (especially speeds and interconnection requirements) or design implementation for the various parts of a computer. (such as memory, motherboard, electronic peripherals, or most commonly the CPU) • Architecture is often defined as the set of machine attributes that a programmer should understand in order to successfully program the specific computer In general, computer architecture refers to attributes of the system visible to a programmer, that have a direct impact on the execution of a program

  5. Architecture vs Organization • Architecture is those features/attributesvisible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? • Organization is the hardware implementation of features/attributes • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

  6. Structure & Function • Structure : the way in which components are interrelated • Function : the operation of individual components as part of the structure

  7. Functional View

  8. Function Computer main functions : • Data processing • Data storage • Data movement • Control

  9. Operation a) Data Movement

  10. Operation b) Storage

  11. Operation c) Processing from/to storage

  12. Operation d) Processing from storage to I/O

  13. Structure – Top Level

  14. Structure – Top Level (2) • CPU (Central Processing Unit) • controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions • Main Memory • stores data • Input/Output (I/O) • moves data between the computer and its external environment • System interconnection • mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O • transferring data via Bus

  15. Structure – The CPU

  16. Structure – the CPU(2) • Control Unit • controls the operation of the CPU • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) • performs the computer’s data processing functions • Registers • provides storage internal to the CPU • CPU interconnection • mechanism that provides for communication among control unit, ALU, and registers

  17. Structure – the Control Unit

  18. Structure – Top Level Components

  19. Instruction Cycle • 2 steps : • Fetch • Execute

  20. Fetch Cycle • Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch • Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC • Increment PC unless instructed otherwise • Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR) • Processor interprets instruction and performs required actions

  21. Execute Cycle • Processor-memory • data transfer between CPU and main memory • Processor I/O • Data transfer between CPU and I/O module • Data processing • Some arithmetic or logical operation on data • Control • Alteration of sequence of operations, e.g. jump • Combination of above

  22. Instruction Cycle – State Diagram

  23. Summary • What is computer architecture? • What is computer organization? • Computer function & structure • 4 main functions of computer • the top level structure of computer • the functions of computer’s basic components • Instruction cycle • 2 steps

  24. Any Question ?

  25. 7 Minutes Review • What are the differences between computer architecture and organization? Give your own brief and clear explanation. • In your opinion, what is your expectation after studying today’s material ? What are the advantages ?

  26. THANK YOU

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