World War I

1. World War I Lt Col Fentress SASI

2. Overview • Causes of WWI • Major powers Declare War • Illusions and Stalemate • Schlieffen • Trenches • Lusitainia • Zimmerman Memo • Eastern Front • Home Front

3. Inevitability of war • June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria assassinated • July 5, 1914 Germany issues A-H “blank check” • pledging military assistance if A-H goes to war against Russia • July 23, 1914 Austria issues Serbia an ultimatum

4. The inevitability of war • July 28, 1914 A-H declares war on Serbia • July 29, 1914 Russia orders full mobilization of its troops • August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia • August 2, 1914 Germany demands Belgium declare access to German troops

5. “Belgium is a country, not a road” • King Albert I of Belgium denied permission • August 2, 1914 Germany declared war on France • Why??? • The Schlieffen Plan! • August 4, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality

7. 1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate • Many Europeans were excited about war • “Defend yourself against the aggressors” • Domestic differences were put aside

8. 1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate • War would be over in a few weeks • Ignored the length and brutality of the American Civil War (prototype to World War I)

9. 1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate • Belief that Modern industrial war could not be conducted for more than a few months • “Home by Christmas”

10. 1914 – 1915 Illusions and Stalemate • “Fatal attraction of war” • Exhilarating release from every day life • A glorious adventure • War would rid the nations of selfishness • Spark a national re-birth based on heroism

11. The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature

12. The Schlieffen Plan • Invade western front 1st • After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front • Avoid fighting a 2 front war

13. The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature • Germany made vast encircling movement through Belgium to enter Paris • Underestimated speed of the British mobilization • Quickly sent troops to France

14. The Schlieffen Plan’s Destructive Nature • Sept 6-10, 1914 • Battle of Marne • Stopped the Germans but French troops were exhausted • Both sides dug trenches for shelter STALEMATE

15. The Trenches • Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland • 6,250 miles • 6 to 8 feet deep • Immobilized both sides for 4 years

16. The Trenches

19. Life in the Trenches • Elaborate systems of defense • barbed wire • Concrete machine gun nests • Mortar batteries • Troops lived in holes underground

20. Life in the Trenches • Boredom • Soldiers read to pass the time • Sarah Bernhardt came out to the front to read poetry to the soldiers

21. “Death is everywhere” • “We all had on us the stench of dead bodies.” Death numbed the soldier’s minds. • Shell shock • Psychological devastation

22. “Death is everywhere” • Mustard gas • Carried by the wind • Burned out soldier’s lungs • Deadly in the trenches where it would sit at the bottom

23. Life in the Trenches • Trench warfare baffled military leaders • Attempt a breakthrough • Then return to a war of movement • Millions of young men sacrificed attempting the breakthrough

24. On May 1, 1915, the German Embassy in Washington placed an advertisement in the New York newspapers warning of dangers at sea.

25. The ad said, “Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and Great Britain…vessels flying the British flag…are liable to destruction.”

26. That same morning the luxurious Lusitania set sail for England, filled with tourists, business people, and others who wanted to get to England.

27. Many voyagers were nervous about the trip, but passenger ships had traditionally been safe from military attack.

28. Six days later, within sight of the Irish coast, a German submarine, the U-20, fired a single torpedo without warning at the Lusitania.

31. Eighteen minutes later the Lusitania was beneath the waves. Of 2,000 passengers, 1,198 drowned.

32. After two years, the United States was under great pressure to enter World War I. U-boat, submarine warfare, was making many Americans very angry with Germany and its allies.

33. If the United States got involved, it would be on the side of Britain and France. But President Wilson seemed determined to stay neutral.

34. Then, on January 16, 1917, the German foreign minister, Arthur von Zimmerman, sent a telegram to Mexico City. The message was intercepted by British Intelligence and decoded. Zimmerman

35. The Zimmerman telegram suggested an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the United States. Germany had promised that Mexico would recover “the lost territory of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.”

36. When the Zimmerman telegram was made known to the American public, it swayed the U.S. into World War I.

37. Battle of Verdun • 10 months • 700,000 men killed

38. Battle of Verdun • 10 months • 700,000 men killed

39. The changes of war • New weapons crippled the “frozen front” • Poison gas (mustard gas) • Hand grenades • Flame throwers • Tanks • Airplanes • Tanks • Subs

40. The changes of war • Airplanes • Dog fights in the air • Bombing inaccurate • Romanticized the battlefields • Paris and London bombed • Pilots fired pistols and threw hand grenades

41. The Eastern Front • Russian army moved into Eastern Germany on August 30, 1914 • Defeated • The Austrians kicked out of Serbia • Italians attacked Austria in 1915 • G. came to Austrian aid and pushed Russians back 300 miles into own territory

42. The Eastern Front • Much more mobile more than the West • But loss of life still very high • 1915: 2.5 million Russians killed, captured, or wounded

43. The Eastern Front • Germany and Austria Hungary joined by Bulgaria in Sept. 1915 • Attacked and eliminated Serbia from war

44. The Home Front • Women took war factory jobs • Received lower wages than males • Food shortages made running a household difficult

45. The Home Front • Censorship • Not told about high death toll • Romanticized the battlefields “soldiers have died a beautiful death, in noble battle, we shall rediscover poetry…epic and chivalrous”

46. The Home Front • Censorship “Newspapers described troops as itching to go over the top.” “Government reported to the press that life in the trenches promoted good health and clear air”

47. The Home Front • “On Leave” Troops would stay together so they could sympathize with each other

48. The Home Front • Impossible to hide death • Women in mourning • Badly wounded soldiers returned home • Opposition began to emerge

49. The war ends • 1917 – Russia surrenders (a separate peace) • U.S. joins the war on the Allied side • Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice

50. Death Toll of War