330 likes | 341 Views
Explore trust and distrust propagation models in social networks, including correlation, credibility, and computational complexity. Delve into various trust metrics, local group trust matrices, and the semantic aspects of web trust.
E N D
Propagation Models for Trust and Distrust in Social Networks C. Ziegler, G. Lausen, Information Systems Frontiers, Vol. 7, Issue 4/5, Springer Science + Business Media, Inc., 2005 석사 3 차 지 애 띠
Correlation between Trust & Similarity • Credibility and attack-resistance • Product-user matrix sparseness • Computational complexity & scalability
OUTLINE • INTRODUCTION • TRUST in SOCIAL NETWORKS • LOCAL GROUP TRUST METRICES • ADVOGATO vs. APPLESEED • PARAMETERIZATION & EXPERIMENTS • IMPELEMENTATION & EXTENTIONS • DISTRUST • DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION • When supposing huge network, trust judgements based on personal experience and acquaintanceship become unfeasible. • Trust was defined by Mui as the “subjective expectation an agent has about another’s future behavior based on the history of their encounters.”(Mui,2002) • Trust metrics must take into account subtle social and psychological aspects of trust and suffice criteria of computability and scalability.
TRUST in SOCIAL NETWORKS • Classification of Trust Metrics • Network Perspective • Global scope –All peers based on complete trust graph information. • Local scope –Personal bias based on partial trust graph information. • Computation Locus • Local approaches • Centralized approaches • Link Evaluation • Scalar metrics analyze trust assertions independently, • Group metrics evaluate groups of assertions “ in tandem”.
TRUST in SOCIAL NETWORKS • Classification of Trust Metrics
TRUST in SOCIAL NETWORKS • Semantic of Web Trust • Most presented metrics and trust models have been proposed for scenario other than the Semantic Web. • To define one common trust model, • FOAF (“Friend of a Friend”) aims at enriching personal homepages with machine-readable content encoded in RDF statements and these pages allow their owners to nominate all individuals part of the FOAF universe. (Dumbill, 2002) • Extended FOAF schema to contain trust assertions with value ranging from 1 (distrust) to 9 (trust) has been issued. (Golbeck, Parsia and Hendler, 2003) • But they only capture the notation of trust and lack of trust, instead of trust and distrust. (Zero trust and distrust are not same.)
TRUST in SOCIAL NETWORKS • Semantic of Web Trust • Trust Model • Agent set V = {a1, …, an}, a ∈ V is represented and uniquely identified by the URI of their machine-readable personal homepages. • Partial trust function set T = {Wa1, …, Wan}. Every agent a associated with one partial trust function Wa : V [0, 1]⊥. • The higher the value of Wai(aj), the more trustworthy ai deems aj.
TRUST in SOCIAL NETWORKS • Semantic of Web Trust • Trust metrics for the semantic web • Limitations of some distributed approaches • Trust data storage • Convergence • Welcome properties of local group trust metrics • Partial trust graph exploration • Computational scalability
LOCAL GROUP TRUST METRICES • Advogato maxflow (Levien and Aiken,2000) • To discover which users are trusted by members of an online community and which or not. • Arbitrary agents compute personalized lists of trusted peers, not one single global ranking. • Trust computation steps • Input : the number of members to trust n, the trust seed s, being a subset of entire set of users V • Output : a characteristic function that maps each member to a boolean value indicating trustworthiness
Advogato maxflow • Maximum integer network flow computation (Ford and Fulkerson,1962) • Capacities CV:V N are assigned to every community members x ∈ V based upon the shortest-path distance from the seed to x. • The capacity of seed is given by the input n. • The capacity of each successive level is equal to that of previous level l divided by the average outdegree of edges from l. • The old directed graph G = (V, E, CV) is converted to G’ = (V’, E’, CE’) as single-source/single sink formulation.
Advogato maxflow • Maximum integer network flow computation (convergence)
Advogato maxflow • Algorithm 1. Trust graph conversion functiontransform (G = (V, E, CV) ){ set E’ 0, V’ 0; for allx ∈ Vdo add node x+ to V’ ; add node x- to V’ ; ifCV(x) >= 1 then add edge (x-, x+ ) to E’ ; set CE’(x-, x+) CV(x) – 1; for all(x, y) ∈ Edo add edge (x-, x+) to E’ ; set CE’(x-, x+) ∞; end do add edge (x-, supersink) to E’ ; set CE’(x-, supersink) 1; end if end do returnG’ = (V’, E’, CE’) ; }
Advogato maxflow • Convergence
Advogato maxflow • Example
LOCAL GROUP TRUST METRICES • Appleseed Trust Metric • Being inspired by maximum network flow computation, Appleseed is motivated by spreading activation model(Quillian,1968). • Searches in contextual network graphs • Edges (x, y) ∈ E ⊆ V ⅹ V (x, y ∈ V) • Continuous weight W : E [0,1] • Source node s is activated through an injection of energy e • e is then propagated to other nodes along edges • All energy is fully divided among successor nodes wrt. their local edge weight. • Supposing average outdegrees >= 1, the closer node x to the source s, the more paths leading from s to x, the higher energy flowing to x.
Appleseed Trust Metric • Algorithm 2. Recursive energy propagation procedureenergize (e∈R0+, s ∈V ){ energy(s) energy(s) + e ; e’ e / ∑(s, n) ∈ EW(s, n) ; ife > Tthen all (s, n) ∈ E : energize (e’ ∙ W(s, n), n) ; end if }
Appleseed Trust Metric • Trust propagation • Node chains • Trust decay : people tend to trust individuals trusted by immediate friends more than ones trusted by friends of friends. • Rank sinks : Infinite trust rank
Appleseed Trust Metric • Spreading factor • in(x) : energy influx into node x. • d : global spreading factor • Energy d ∙ in(x) is distributed among the successors, while retaining (1-d) ∙ in(x) for itself. • For instance, d = 0.85, in(x) = 5.0 energy(x) = 0.75, total energy distributed to successor 4.25 • Suppose that energy(n) =0 for all n ∈ V before injection in0 into source s. ∑x∈V energy(x) = in0 • d may also be seen as the ratio between direct trust in x and trust in the ability of x to recommend others as trustworthy peers.
Appleseed Trust Metric • Rank normalization • Serious interferences occur when edges are weighted.
Appleseed Trust Metric • Backward trust propagation • Additional “virtual” edges (x, s) from every node x ∈ V\{s} to the source s, which are assigned full trust W(x, s)=1, are created. every node is blindly trust the trust source s. trust weight “overwritten” • Nonlinear trust normalization • Situations where nodes y with poor ratings from x are awarded • high trust ranks, thanks to low outdegree of x,
Appleseed Trust Metric • Algorithm outline • Input : trust seed s,trust injection e, spreading factor d ∈ [0, 1], accuracy threshold Tc • Output : rankings of agents wrt. the trust. • Nodes are accessed only when reached by energy flow. • Trust(x), energy(x) are initialized to 0. • Virtual trust edges are added when x is discovered. • In every iteration, the amount of incoming trust is
Appleseed Trust Metric • Algorithm outline • The trust rank of x is updated as follows : trust(x) trust(x) + (1 - d) ∙ in(x) • Trust network generally contain cycles, hence the computation of in(x) is inherently recursive. A criterion that has to be satisfied for convergence, relying on accuracy threshold Tc, is needed. • Vi ⊆ V : set of nodes that were discovered until step i • trusti(x) : current trust ranks of x for all x ∈ V • ∀x ∈ Vi: trusti(x) – trusti-1(x) ≤ Tc • When supposing d > 0, Tc> 0, trust source s part of connected component G’ ⊆ G containing at least two nodes, convergence and termination are guaranteed.
Appleseed Trust Metric • Algorithm 3 Appleseed trust metric.
LOCAL GROUP TRUST METRICES • Comparison of advogato and appleseed • Advogato has already proven its efficiency in practical usage scenarios such as the Advogato online community. • Attack resistance • “bottleneck property”,“on the part of bad nodes does not affect the trust value”. • Trust weight normalization • Advogato encourages agents issuing numerous trust statements, while Appleseed penalizes overly abundant trust certificates.. • Deterministic trust computation • Linear equations allow to characterize the amount of trust assigned to x, as well as the quantity that x accords to its successor nodes. • Model and output type
PARAMETERIZATION & EXPERIMENTS • Web crawling of the Advogato community web site, extracting trust assertions stated by more than 8,000 members. • Four different levels of peer certification, “Observer”, “Apprentice”, “Journeyer”, “Master” are mapped each quantitative trust W(x, y). • Computed trust ranks may not be absolute value, just ranks. Trust injection in0 for alignment, • Alignment heuristics - add indicator node i with W(s, i)=1 to tell whether trust injection in0 is “good” or not. • Spreading factor - generally d = 0.85 • Accuracy threshold - Tc = 0.01, to make the algorithm terminate after fewer node accesses. • Convergence rate is very fast no matter how huge the number of trust nodes, large the trust injection.
PARAMETERIZATION & EXPERIMENTS • Spreading factor impact
PARAMETERIZATION & EXPERIMENTS • Convergence of appleseed
PARAMETERIZATION & EXPERIMENTS • Algorithm 4 Adding weight alignment heuristics.
IMPLEMENTATION & EXTENTIONS • Appleseed was implemented in JAVA with an architectural cushion to access “real” RDF homepages. • Testbed for local group trust metrics. • Humans must be able to comprehend why agent a was accorded higher trust rank than b and come to similar results when asked for a personal judgement. • yFiles library to perform all sophisticated graph drawing.
DISTRUST • Semantic of distrust • Distrust as negated trust – serious implications resulting from assuming that trust multiplication and distrust to negated trust. ¬ trust (a, b) ∧ ¬ trust (b, c) trust (a, c) • Propagation of trust Distrust (a, b) ∧ trust (b, c) distrust (a, c) • Incorporating distrust into appleseed
DISTRUST • Network impact of distrust
DISCUSSION • Appleseed can suit other application scenarios, such as group trust in online communities, open rating systems, and ad-hoc and p2p network. • Trust relationships by means of heuristics, an actual policy for eventual boolean decision-taking wrt. Which agents to grant trust and which to deny. • Local group trust metrics will become subject to substantial research for diverse computing domains within the near future.