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Observing, Measuring, & Calculating

Learn about the scientific method, including problem observation, research, hypothesis formation, conducting experiments, data analysis, and drawing conclusions. Also, explore the topics of observing, measuring, and calculating in physics and chemistry.

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Observing, Measuring, & Calculating

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  1. Observing, Measuring, & Calculating Chapter 1

  2. Scientific Method • Problem/Question – Observe a problem and ask a question. • Research - Conduct background research. Write down your sources so you can cite your references. • Hypothesis - Propose a hypothesis. This is an educated guess about what you expect.

  3. Scientific Method cont. • Experiment - Design and perform an experiment to test your hypothesis. • Data/Analysis - Record observations and analyze what the data means. Often, you'll prepare a table or graph of the data. • Conclusion - Conclude whether to accept or reject your hypothesis. Communicate your results.

  4. Scientific Method example • Problem: My car won’t start. • Research:_________________________ • Hypothesis:_______________________ • Experiment:_______________________ • Data Analysis:______________________ • Conclusion:_______________________

  5. Observing Physics and Chemistry *Qualitative observation – observation made without measurement *Quantitative observation – observation made through measurement

  6. Measuring *Measurement is used to quantify matter *Must be accurate (correct) *Must be precise (repeatable) Neither accurate nor precise Precise AND accurate Precise, but not accurate

  7. Measuring cont. Accurate measurements *Rule: Measure what you know “for sure” plus one estimated digit *2 cm? 2.4 cm? 2.45 cm? *More significant digits = more accuracy 0 1 2

  8. Measuring cont. *The accuracy of your measuring device determines the accuracy of your measurement *How accurate can the above measurement be? 0 1 2 3

  9. Which is the most accurate measurement?

  10. The Metric System • System of base units and prefixes • Based on powers of 10 • Base units Length – meter (m) Mass – gram (g) Volume – liter (l) *note 1 cm3= 1ml water Temperature – degrees Celsius (°C)

  11. Prefixes Mega M 1,000,000 Kilo k 1,000 Base unit 1 Centi c 0.01 Milli m 0.001 Micro  0.000001 Move decimal to right Move decimal to left

  12. Metric conversions • Convert 560 mL to L • Convert 4.25 km to mm • Convert 2,200 um to m • Convert 0.023 cg to kg

  13. Density • The formula for density is: • Common units are: g/mL, or g/cm3, • Density is a physical property, and does not depend upon sample size

  14. Density practice

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