Potential for Private – Public Engagement for the COUNTRY X One Health Platform

1. Potential for Private – Public Engagement for the COUNTRY X One Health Platform ADD DATE

2. Macroeconomic Costs Outbreaks, Epidemics, Pandemics

3. Macroeconomic Costs of Recent Epidemics • Past epidemics had significant economic impacts and the next outbreak is around the corner • High costs to private sector • Increased labor costs • Decreased productivity • Increased input costs Adaped from: Marsh, n.d. The Economic and Social Impact of Emerging Infectious Disease: Mitigation through Detection, Research, and Response, s.l.: s.n.

4. Ebola Snapshot: West Africa outbreak - more deaths than all others combined • Inadequate health systems • Little or no surveillance activities • Slow response by international community • Stigma • Resistance to reporting • Burial practices Cases: 28,646. Deaths (human): + 11,323 Industries affected: Mining, oil & gas, tourism, transport • Transmission risk:primates, bats, etc. → humans (rare, but deadly) • humans → humans (high, deadly) The Economist, 2016. Ebola in Africa: the end of a tragedy?. http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/01/daily-chart-12

5. Macroeconomic Impacts of Ebola Combined GDP Losses (2014 & 2015): $2.8 billion Liberia Est. Loss in GDP: $300 million 2015 Fiscal Deficit: 8.5% of GDP 2014 Rubber Exports: Down 20% Guinea Est. Loss in GDP: $600 million 2015 Fiscal Deficit: 9.4% of GDP 2014 Coffee Production: Down 50% 2014 Cocoa Production: Down 33% 2014 Palm Oil Production: Down 75% Sierra Leone Est. Loss in GDP: $1.9 billion 2015 Fiscal Deficit: 4.8% of GDP • 2015 Diamond Exports: Down 30% • 2014 Cocoa Production: Down 39% Source: World Bank Group Source: World Bank Group Source: World Bank Group

6. Avian Influenza (H5N1) Distribution of H5N1 Avian Influenza cases in humans and poultry Snapshot: • Since 2003 +700 human infections • Europe, Middle East, Asia, Africa and the Pacific • Human cases have high mortality Cases: +700 (human) since 2003 Deaths: • ~420 (human) since 2003 • 2003-3004 outbreak dead/culled poultry • Vietnam: 44 mill. (17.5%) • Thailand: 29 mill. (14.5%) • 2014 Nigeria: 1.6 mill dead/culled poultry Costs (estimates): • 2004-2009 worldwide economic impact: $30 billion • 1997 Hong Kong outbreak: 100s of  millions including knock-on effects • USD 100-200 billion (2004 values) Industries affected: poultry, trade,  tourism Transmission risk: Poultry → poultry     Poultry → humans (rare, but deadly) Human → human (rare, but deadly) Epperson, S. & Bresee, J., 2015. Chapter 3 Infectious Disease Related to Travel: Influenza. http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/influenza

7. Swine Flu (H1N1) Confirmed deaths reported to WHO - August 2010 Snapshot: • Emerged in 2009 • Circulates worldwide Cases: lab-confirmed in +200 countries, millions Deaths (human): +18,000 lab-confirmed; estimate: 284,500 (51% in SE Asia & Africa) Costs: Global: $330 billion (mild) to $4.4 trillion losses (severe) Industries affected: tourism, trade Transmission risk: Pigs → humans (rare) Humans→ humans (common, but mild) World Health Organization, 2010. Timeline Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 laboratory confirmed cases And number of deaths as reported to WHO. Available at: http://gamapserver.who.int/h1n1/cases-deaths/h1n1_casesdeaths.html

8. Impacts of Swine Flu (H1N1) Snapshot: • Flu kills ~.2-1.5 million per year Costs: Macro-economic impact estimates: • Mild: 1.4 million lives; $330 billion loss economic output • Ultra (not pictured): 142.2 million deaths; $4.4 trillion loss economic output Next strain: emerge from China or Far East Chakravarty, M. & Philipose, M., 2009. Economic impact of swine flu. http://www.livemint.com/Money/ALhNfoq6XIf5Vxja4fmniM/Economic-impact-of-swine-flu.html

9. Effects on Business Operations Outbreaks, Epidemics, Pandemics

10. BUSINESS COSTS OF A LARGE-SCALE OUTBREAK Companies should consider the direct and indirect impacts of a large-scale outbreak and where they are most vulnerable. Disruptions across operations can have material impacts on a company’s bottom line.

11. Types of Private Sector Engagements During Ebola Private Sector Engagement

12. Private-Public Collaboration During Ebola • Greater Private Sector Contributors- International and domestic private sector companies that become involved due to larger corporate social responsibilities or due to the drive of the leader • Expert Capability Companies – expert skills to address unique health care and health systems needs during an epidemic • In-Country Operators – presence, knowledge of the local context, and motivation for business continuity

13. Survey Methodology • Survey participants include members of multinational oil and gas and mining companies located in Guinea, Ghana, and Nigeria. • 8 Respondents based in Guinea8 Respondents based in Ghana7 Respondents based in Nigeria1 Respondent based in West Africa2 Respondents declined to provide its location • Interviews conducted in - Guinea and Ghana. • Interviews were conducted with the head of departments of health, safety and environment and or heads of departments of community relations.

15. What type of support did the company provide with respect to prevention, preparedness, or response to nearby communities during the Ebola crisis?

17. Results of Survey • Companies worked closely with their communities, local and regional governments, and sometimes the national governments • Companies were committed to continuing production during the crisis not only to serve their shareholders, but also because they are contributing to the country’s GDP. • Cost to companies were associated with acquiring and implementing preparedness and response activities onsite and in the local communities, the closure of national borders, and the disruption of transportation routes to and from the Ebola-affected countries. • Extractive industries operating in West Africa are committed to taking an active role in the prevention, preparedness, and response. • Government should lead any response effort, companies would like to have an advisory role.

18. Types of Private Sector Engagement Moving Forward Private Sector Engagement Private Sector Engagement

19. Private-Public Collaboration - Cameroon • Private-Public Forum • Joint planning for the Africa World Cup Woman’s Football Tournament • Site Reconnaissance • Plan review • Simulation • Future Activities: • Seminar to share information on logistics and planning • Seminar on preparedness and response planning for businesses

20. Types of Engagement for the Platform Ad Hoc or Informal • Consultation during Policy or Guideline development • Participation in a Simulation • Membership on a Technical Working Group Formal • Cost Sharing • Memorandum of Understanding • Purchase Order • Contract

21. Country X’s Private Sector Private Sector Engagement

22. Country X’s Economy COUNTRY x’s GDP= $---- billion

23. Platform’s primary disease concerns to date: • Marburg • Yellow fever • Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) • Pandemic influenza (H1N1) • West Nile fever • Zika virus • Rabies • Brucellosis • Anthrax • Cysticercosis Brucellosis

24. Likely Private Sector One Health Stakeholders Wildlife - Domestic Animal – Human • Livestock Production • Dairy Production • Poultry Production Wildlife - Human • Tourism • Oil and Gas • Mining • Timber

25. Livestock Sector • Livestock production accounts for -----% of Country X’s GDP and ----% of the agricultural GDP. • The sector is growing at a rate of ---% per year. • Country X’s livestock population consists of cattle, chickens, turkey, guinea fowls, ducks, pigeons, geese, and ostriches. • Majority of rural households keep livestock- key for food security and economic livelihood. • INSERT FIGURE OR TABLE IF APPROPRIATE

26. Subsector: Beef • Cattle population- over ----- million (Year). • Small scale farmers dominate- only ---% of cattle population is commercially-ranched. • Beef production has been growing at a rate of -% per year. • Examples of Beef Producers: • ---------------- • ---------------- • ---------------- • -----------------

27. Subsector: Poultry • Poultry population- over ---- million (Year) • Most poultry is kept at the household level/small-scale backyard slaughter • Major Poultry Producers: • ------------------- • ------------------- • ------------------- • ---------------------

28. Subsector: Dairy Major Dairy Producers: ------------------- ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- • The dairy industry accounts for ---% of Uganda’s total GDP. • Dairy farming is a major economic activity in part of the country. • National milk production exceeded --- billion liters in 201-.

29. Engagement with Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry Association? • Early warning – surveillance • Guidance and SOP development • Preparedness and response planning • Simulations • Disease specific information campaign

30. Dairy Associations • ------------ Dairy Processors Association (website) • Mission: • Key Activities: • Membership:

31. Livestock Associations • Beef/Lamb/Pork Producers Association (website) • Mission:------------------------------. • Key Activities: ------------------------------ • Membership: ------------------------------

32. Tourism Sector • Tourism is a growing sector and accounts for ----% of the GDP, or $ ---- million. • Tourism employs ------% of labor force. • Sector revolves around ecotourism • --- national parks and ----- active game reserves. • Major Tourism Companies: • ---------------------- • -------------------- • ---------------------------- • Hotels • Restaurants

33. Engagement with Tourism Associations? • Event-based surveillance • Simulations • Consultation for P & R plans • Information dissemination

34. Tourism Associations • Tourism Association (website) • Mission: ----------------- • Key Activities: ---------------------- • Membership: ----------------------------------

35. Extractives Sector: Oil and Gas • Describe oil and gas sector if relevant – emphasis should be on onshore oil and gas – history and location – add map or picture; how were they involved in the last outbreak • Oil and Gas production is a growing sector and accounts for ----% of the GDP, or $ ---- million. • Oil and Gas production employs ------% of labor force. • Oil and Gas concessions cover --- % of the country or ---- hectares • Oil and gas drilling and production facilities are located in these parts of the country [insert map]. • Major Oil and Gas Producers: • ------------------------- • ---------------------------- • ---------------------------

36. Oil and Gas Associations • ------------ Chamber of Mines and Petroleum • Mission: ------------------------------------- • Key Activities: ------------------------- • Membership: --------------------

37. Extractives Sector: Mining • Describe mining sector if relevant – history and location – add map or picture; how were they involved in the last outbreak • Mining is a growing sector and accounts for ----% of the GDP, or $ ---- million. • Mining employs ------% of labor force. • Mines cover --- % of the country or ---- hectares • ----- ores are mined in these parts of the country [insert map]. • Major Mining Companies: • ------------------------- • ---------------------------- • ---------------------------

38. Engagement with the Oil and Gas and Mining and Private Sector Associations? • Simulations/After Act Review • Preparedness and Response Planning/ Business continuity planning • Logistics and risk management support • Input on guidance, SOPs, protocols

39. Information & Communication Technology Sector • ICT contributes to -------% of the GDP. • Over ---- operators providing infrastructure, voice, and data services. • Over ---- mobile phone users, ---- million internet subscribers, and ---- mobile money subscribers. • Major Telecommuncations Providers: • ------------ • ------------ • ------------ • ------------ • -----------

40. ICT Associations • [list ICT associations, if any – their mission, key activities, and membership] • ------------ ICT Association • Mission: ------------------------------------- • Key Activities: ------------------------- • Membership: --------------------

41. Private Sector Associations • [list general business associations (e.g. Chambers of Commerce, Private Sector Alliances, etc.) – their mission, key activities, and membership] • ------------ Chamber of Commerce • Mission: ------------------------------------- • Key Activities: ------------------------- • Membership: -------------------- • ------------ Private Sector Alliance • Mission: ------------------------------------- • Key Activities: ------------------------- • Membership: --------------------

42. Next Steps • Determine whether the Platform should work with the private sector • If yes, what sector? • Associations or individual companies • What role could the private sector play? • Who will conduct the outreach? • What activities would appropriate to include the private sector?

43. This publication was made possible in part through the support provided by the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US Agency for International Development or the US Government. USAID reserves a royalty-free nonexclusive and irrevocable right to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use, and to authorize others to use the work for Government purposes.