Big Era One & Two

1. Big Era One & Two Farming and the Emergenceof Complex Societies 4,000 – 1,000 BC.

2. Join us for the world tour!

3. STOP! I know what you’re thinking!

4. Farming and complex societies? Where did they come from? I thought we were still hunting and gathering!

5. Big Eras 3-9 10k years ago Today 200k yrs ago Farming and complex societies are the result of CHANGE… …and changes have always been—and still are—part of human history. Let’s look for a minute at the changes that took place. You DO remember don’t you? Big Era 1 Big Era 2

6. Keeping those changes in mind, let’s look at life all the way at the end of Era Two, that is, about 1,000 BCE. Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

7. Eras 3-9 Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

8. animals and plants One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) : which reflects the DOMESTICATION of… Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

9. Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change. Have you ‘herd’ about pastoralism? It resulted in the new way of living we know as FARMING (AGRICULTURE)… …which included both PASTORALISM (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels), and… Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago 10,000 years ago

10. Crop-growing (cultivating domesticated plants), and… Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

11. the development of… FARMING COMMUNITIES Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

12. Eastern North America China Fertile Crescent Nile valley West Africa Mesoamerica New Guinea Ethiopia Andes Amazonia Before 1,000 BCE, farming appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places, possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map. Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

13. Prior to farming, population size in any one area was limited by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts. POPULATION INTENSIFICATION Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for… That means population increases in certain areas. Population in those areas became both larger and denser.

14. At the same time, farmers in some places were, in spite of population growth, able to produce SURPLUS food. What does SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION mean for a society?

15. SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION… …means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some non-farming task.

16. This is called… • Job Specialization. • Men and women may become: • Weavers • Stone Masons • Potters • Priests • Scribes • Traders • Army officers

17. So, let’s have a quick review of that last sequence of events.

18. Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Intensification Surplus Food Specialization Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

19. Civilizations have a number of elements in common. You might want to make a note of these as we go along. Hint, hint!

20. Civilization Can you define it? Did you catch that term? Remember it. Write it down. Answer: A civilization is a complex society.

21. Elements of civilization include: 1)Cities Mohenjo Daro It’s the law 2) Central governments And Law codes Hammurabi’s Law Code Pharaohs

22. Elements of Civilization include: 1)Cities 2) Central governments and law codes 3) Writing and record keeping Can you identify the society represented by each of these two writing samples? 4) Highly organized religions

23. Elements of Civilization include: 1)Cities 2) Central Governments and law codes 5) Specialized Jobs 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion Full-time monk 6) Social Classes Assyrian slaves In Egypt

24. Elements of Civilization include: 1)Cities 2) Central governments and law codes 7) Complex Technologies 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion Chariot 5) Specialized jobs 6) Social classes Bronze Sword

25. So, have you been paying attention or doing a bit of day dreaming? Can you list some of the elements of a civilization? Let’s check! Clue: There were 7!

26. Good job if your list includes: Check your answers below: • 1. Cities • 2. Central governments and law codes • 3. Writing and record-keeping • 4. Specialized jobs • Social classes • Complex technologies • Highly organized religions Good job, huh?

27. By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies. Are we supposed to be taking notes on this? Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

28. By the end of Era Two, about 1000 BCE, there were several well-established civilizations in Afroeurasia. There were also two new ones in the Americas. At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone.

29. Now, looking back over Era Two, let’s review the major changes. Era 1 Era 2 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago

30. Big Eras 4-9 1,000 years ago Today 10,000 years ago Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Population Intensification Surplus Food Specialization Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION Big Era 2 Big Era 3

31. That translates into: Farmers Herders Cities Central governments Armies Monumental buildings Written language Social hierarchies Complex belief systems

32. Big Eras 4-9 Art Language 1k years ago Today 200k yrs ago Not only has life changed culturally and technologically, but also the rate of change has accelerated. Letters and envelopes Writing Irrigation Pyramids Wheel Copper smelting Temple building Walled cities . Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, chiles, potatoes—all domesticated Plow farming Alphabet Chariots Pottery 360-degree circle Sailing technology Law Codes Regular trade routes Bow & arrow Calendars Big Era 1 BE3 Big Era 2 10k years ago

33. You may have noticed that the difference between the rate of change in Era One and in Era Two is enormous. What factors do you think might account for this increasing rate of change? Make a few notes and discuss this question with your teacher and fellow students.

34. As you move on to Era Three(1,000 BC to 300 AD), keep your eye on the rate of change. Does it keep increasing? Level off? Slow down? Do the factors you have identified as affecting the rate of change in Era One and Era Two still apply? Come to think of it, things changed REALLY fast In the 20th century. I wonder what the rate of change is going to be like in the 21st century?

35. Well, that’s all for Era Two, but don’t go away. Hang on to your notes and stay tuned for…

36. Era Three! Coming SOON to a classroom near you.