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Human Body Systems: Understanding Organ, Skeletal, Muscular Systems

Explore organ systems, bones, and muscles; learn Latin word origins; discover how forces and machines relate to bodily functions and homeostasis.

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Human Body Systems: Understanding Organ, Skeletal, Muscular Systems

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  1. Table of Contents • Chapter Preview • 13.1 Organ Systems and Homeostasis • 13.2 The Skeletal System • 13.3 The Muscular System • 13.4 Machines and the Body

  2. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. The position of an object can be changed by • a. pushing on the object. • b. pulling on the object. • c. pushing or pulling on the object. • d. measuring the object’s weight.

  3. Chapter Preview Questions • 1. The position of an object can be changed by • a. pushing on the object. • b. pulling on the object. • c. pushing or pulling on the object. • d. measuring the object’s weight.

  4. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. The magnitude of a force is the same as • a. its strength. • b. its direction. • c. the distance the force moves an object. • d. friction produced by the force.

  5. Chapter Preview Questions • 2. The magnitude of a force is the same as • a. its strength. • b. its direction. • c. the distance the force moves an object. • d. friction produced by the force.

  6. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. The bigger the change in an object’s motion, the • a. smaller the push or pull required. • b. bigger the push or pull required. • c. more likely the object will move in more than • one direction. • d. more likely the object will stop moving.

  7. Chapter Preview Questions • 3. The bigger the change in an object’s motion, the • a. smaller the push or pull required. • b. bigger the push or pull required. • c. more likely the object will move in more than • one direction. • d. more likely the object will stop moving.

  8. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. When you use your foot to stop a rolling ball, you are • a. pulling on the ball. • b. pushing on the ball. • c. changing the direction in which the ball rolls. • d. changing the force that started the ball rolling.

  9. Chapter Preview Questions • 4. When you use your foot to stop a rolling ball, you are • a. pulling on the ball. • b. pushing on the ball. • c. changing the direction in which the ball rolls. • d. changing the force that started the ball rolling.

  10. A cat sleeps on one end of a seesaw, while a mouse crouches on the other end. The cat wakes up and walks away. How will the forces acting on the ends • change? How will the forces change if the cat runs across the board toward the mouse? How do the physical principles of forces and machines relate to the functions of your muscles and skeleton?

  11. Latin Word Origins involuntary muscle Type of muscle that is not under a person’s conscious control in- not

  12. Latin Word Origins ligament Connective tissue that holds bones together ligare to tie

  13. Latin Word Origins osteoporosis A condition in which bones lose minerals, develop larger openings than normal bones, and become weak porus a tiny opening or hole

  14. Latin Word Origins resistance force The force that a lever exerts against an object resistere to place against

  15. Latin Word Origins voluntary muscle Type of muscle that is under a person’s conscious control voluntas free will

  16. Apply It! 1. How does the meaning of the Latin word ligere help you to understand what a ligament is? Ligare means to tie and a ligament holds bones together. 2. What two key terms in the table come from the Latin word voluntas? What does this Latin word mean? Voluntary muscle and involuntary muscle. It means free will.

  17. End of Chapter Preview

  18. Section 1: Organ Systems and Homeostasis • What are the levels of organization in the body? • What systems are in the human body, and what are their functions? • What is homeostasis?

  19. The Epidermis • In some ways, the skin is the body’s largest organ.

  20. Organs and Organ Systems • Each organ in your body is part of an organ system, which is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function.

  21. Cell Specialization • Click the Video button to watch a movieabout cell specialization.

  22. Links on Body Systems • Click the SciLinks button for links on body systems.

  23. End of Section: Organ Systems and Homeostasis

  24. Section 2: The Skeletal System • What are the functions of the skeleton? • What role do joints play in the body? • What are the characteristics of bone, and how can you keep your bones strong and healthy?

  25. What the Skeletal System Does • Your skeleton has five major functions. It provides shape and support, enables you to move, protects your organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and other materials until your body needs them.

  26. Joints of the Skeleton • A joint is a place in the body where two bones come together. Joints allow bones to move in different ways.

  27. Movable Joints Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about movable joints.

  28. Bones—Strong and Living • Bones are complex living structures that undergo growth and development.

  29. End of Section: The Skeletal System

  30. Section 3: The Muscular System • What types of muscles are found in the body? • Why do skeletal muscles work in groups?

  31. Types of Muscles • Your body has three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

  32. Muscles at Work • Because muscle cells can only contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair relaxes to its original length.

  33. More on Muscle Types • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout muscle types.

  34. Skeletal Muscles • Click the Video button to watch a movieabout skeletal muscles.

  35. End of Section: The Muscular System

  36. Section 4: Machines and the Body • How are force and work related? • How does a lever make work easier? • How do bones and muscles function as levers in the body?

  37. Force and Work • A lever is a simple machine that makes lifting heavy objects easier.

  38. Levers • A lever is a ridged bar that is free to pivot, or rotate, on a fixed point.

  39. Levers • Levers are classified according to the location of the fulcrum relative to the input and output forces.

  40. Mechanical Advantage • The input force and output force for three different ramps are shown in the graph.

  41. Input force Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? Mechanical Advantage

  42. 400 N Interpreting Data: If an 80-N input force is exerted on Ramp 2, what is the output force? Mechanical Advantage

  43. 5 Calculating: Calculate the mechanical advantage of Lever 2. Mechanical Advantage

  44. Lever 1 produces the greatest resistance force in each case because it has the greatest mechanical advantage. Drawing Conclusions: Which lever produces the greatest resistance force when an effort force of 20N is exerted? Which lever has the greatest mechanical advantage? Mechanical Advantage

  45. Simple Machines in the Body • Most of the machines in your body are levers that consist of bones and muscles.

  46. Links on Work • Click the SciLinks button for links on work.

  47. Levers • Click the Video button to watch a movie about levers.

  48. End of Section: Machines andthe Body

  49. QuickTake Quiz • Click to start quiz.

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