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Learn about the historical significance of the Plymouth settlement and why we celebrate Thanksgiving. Explore the Mayflower Pilgrim timeline and the journey of the Pilgrims to America.
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Thanksgiving Celebration • Journal Topic: Thanksgiving • Why do we celebrate Thanksgiving? • Animation
Cornell Notes • Unit: Colonial Period • Topic: Thanksgiving/Plymouth Settlement • Guiding Question: Why is the Plymouth settlement historically significant in U.S. history?
Pilgrim Timeline • 1517--Protestant Reformation Begins with Roman Catholic Monk, Martin Luther and the 95 Theses posted on the church wall at Wittenberg Cathedral • 1534—Henry VIII Renounces the Catholic Church and establishes the Church of England • 1606—Puritan Separatists (Later called Pilgrims) found a church in Scrooby • 1607—The Separatists move to the Netherlands • 1619—Separatist leader, William Bradford negotiates a charter with London Company to Settle in Virginia • 1620—Voyage of the Mayflower
About the Pilgrims • 102 People Set Sail for the Virginia Colony • Only 41 of the Colonists were Puritan Separatists—However, the Puritan leaders such as William Brewster, John Carver, and William Bradford organized and arranged financing for the venture. • The remainder of the Colonists were called “Strangers” by the Separatists. The Puritan Separatists referred to themselves as Saints. • Most of the Strangers remained loyal to the Church of England (Anglican Church). They were invited to join in the venture to add numbers to the settlement and facilitate a successful endeavor.
Why the name Pilgrim? • Webster’s Definition of Pilgrim: 1. A person who journeys to a shrine or sacred place as an act of religious devotion. 2. One who undertakes a quest or goal believed to be sacred. • The Pilgrims didn’t call each other Pilgrims. However, two prominent leaders of the settlement, Edward Winslow and William Bradford in describing the history of the Plymouth settlement referred to the settlers as Pilgrims. • The book, Pilgrim’s Progress, by John Bunyun may have also influenced later historians to adopt the name Pilgrim.
Famous Quote by Bunyan 'God has set a Savior against sin,a heaven against a hell,light against darkness,good against evil,and the breadth and length and depth and height of grace that is in Himself for my good,against all the power and strength and subtlety of every enemy.'"
THE SHIP • The Mayflower made the trip in 66 days, which would average out to about 2 miles per hour. • The Mayflower was sailing against the strong currents of the Gulf Stream as well as the stormy winds of the North Atlantic. • One possible reason the Pilgrims left so late in the Fall because they were running out of money and the English authorities were searching for William Brewster who was to be brought up on charges of treason for renouncing the Church of England. • The Mayflower and the Speedwell left on Aug. 6, 1620, but had to turn back to England because the Speedwell was not seaworthy. The Mayflower left Plymouth on September 6, 1620 and the settlers hit land at Cape Cod on November 11th. They did not start building their settlement at Plymouth until December 11th, 1620.
The Mayflower On Her Arrival In Plymouth Harbor By William Halsall
"In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&.Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620." THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT
Provincetown Cape Cod Where the Pilgrim Families First Set Foot
Landing of the Pilgrims by Henry Sargent (Governor Carver, Standish, Samoset, Bradford)
Landing at Plymouth The Pilgrims land at a place that was called Patuxet by the Native People (An abandoned Indian village—the Native people had been wiped out by disease the year before), which included a natural harbor to protect ships. The village site also included a high hill on which to build a cannon platform and fortified village. There was also a stream for fresh water and the land had been cleared for farming by the Patuxet Indians.
Starvation and Disease The Pilgrims' first winter in America was difficult. They lacked food, and many died of the "great sickness" during the first terrible winter and most of the survivors were too weak to properly defend themselves from any attack. 45 of the 102 Colonists died in the first winter. (44% Dead) The Pilgrims were also constant threat of Indian attack throughout the first Winter.
Samoset and Squanto Arrive • Samoset was an Algonquin Indian from the Maine region of the U.S. • He learned English from the fishermen off the coast of New England. • Squanto was from the region and spoke the local Wampanoag language—he also provided some guidance in planting the Indian corn and squash.
Peace Treaty with Massasoit, 1621 1. That neither he nor any of his should injure or do hurt to any of our people. 2. And if any of his did hurt to any of ours, he should send the offender, that we might punish him. 3. That if any of our tools were taken away when our people were at work, he should cause them to be restored; and if ours did any harm to any of his, we would do the like to them. 4. If any did unjustly war against him, we would aid him; if any did war against us, he should aid us. 5. He should send to his neighbor confederates, to certify them of this, that they might not wrong us, but might be likewise comprised in the conditions of peace. 6. That when their men came to us, they should leave their bows and arrows behind them, as we should do our pieces when we came to them. Lastly, that doing thus, King James would esteem of him as his friend and ally.
Disease Eventually Devastated the Native Population At the beginning of the 17th century, between 21,000 and 24,000 Wampanoag inhabited the southeastern portion of present-day Massachusetts, the islands off its shores, and the eastern part of Rhode Island.
Our corn [i.e. wheat] did prove well, and God be praised, we had a good increase of Indian corn, and our barley indifferent good, but our peas not worth the gathering, for we feared they were too late sown. They came up very well, and blossomed, but the sun parched them in the blossom. Our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together after we had gathered the fruit of our labors. They four in one day killed as much fowl as, with a little help beside, served the company almost a week. At which time, amongst other recreations, we exercised our arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and among the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five deer, which they brought to the plantation and bestowed on our governor, and upon the captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want that we often wish you partakers of our plenty. Pilgrim Journal Account
Foods of the First Thanksgiving FISH: cod, bass, herring, shad, bluefish, and lots of eel. SEAFOOD: clams, lobsters, mussels, and very small quantities of oysters BIRDS: wild turkey, goose, duck, crane, swan, partridge, and other miscellaneous waterfowl; they were also known to have occasionally eaten eagles (which "tasted like mutton" according to Winslow in 1623.) OTHER MEAT: venison (deer), possibly some salt pork or chicken. GRAIN: wheat flour, Indian corn and corn meal; barley (mainly for beer-making). FRUITS: raspberries, strawberries, grapes, plums, cherries, blueberries, gooseberries (these would have been dried, as none would have been in season). VEGETABLES: small quantity of peas, squashes (including pumpkins), beans NUTS: walnuts, chestnuts, acorns, hickory nuts, ground nuts HERBS and SEASONINGS: onions, leeks, strawberry leaves, currants, sorrel, yarrow, carvel, brooklime, liverwort, watercress, and flax; from England they brought seeds and probably planted radishes, lettuce, carrots, onions, and cabbage. Olive oil in small quantities may have been brought over, though the Pilgrims had to sell most of their oil and butter before sailing, in order to stay on budget. OTHER: maple syrup, honey; small quantities of butter, Holland cheese; and eggs.
“Traditional” Thanksgiving Foods the Pilgrims went without Ham. (The Pilgrims most likely did not have pigs with them). Sweet Potatoes-Potatoes-Yams. (These had not yet been introduced to New England). Corn on the cob. (Indian corn was only good for making cornmeal, not eating on the cob). Popcorn. (Contrary to popular folklore, popcorn was not introduced at the 1621 Thanksgiving. Indian corn could only be half-popped, and this wouldn't have tasted very good.) Cranberry sauce. (Cranberries were available, but sugar was not.) Pumpkin Pie: (They probably made a pumpkin pudding of sorts, sweetened by honey or syrup, which would be like the filling of a pumpkin pie, but there would be no crust or whipped topping.)
MYTH: The original Thanksgiving feast took place on the fourth Thursday of November. FACT: The original feast in 1621 occurred sometime between September 21 and November 11. Unlike our modern holiday, it was three days long. The event was based on English harvest festivals, which traditionally occurred around the 29th of September. President Franklin D. Roosevelt set the date for Thanksgiving to the fourth Thursday of November in 1939 (approved by Congress in 1941). Abraham Lincoln had previously designated it as the last Thursday in November, which may have correlated it with the November 21, 1621, anchoring of the Mayflower at Cape Cod.
The Pilgrims' 1621 Thanksgiving The Pilgrims' 1621 Thanksgiving Historical Beginnings and Evolution of Thanksgiving The tradition of the Pilgrims' first Thanksgiving is steeped in myth and legend. Few people realize that the Pilgrims did not celebrate Thanksgiving the next year, or any year thereafter, though some of their descendants later made a "Forefather's Day" that usually occurred on December 21 or 22. Several Presidents, including George Washington, made one-time Thanksgiving holidays. In 1827, Mrs. Sarah Josepha Hale began lobbying several Presidents for the instatement of Thanksgiving as a national holiday, but her lobbying was unsuccessful until 1863 when Abraham Lincoln finally made it a national holiday with his 1863 Thanksgiving Proclamation. Today, our Thanksgiving is the fourth Thursday of November. This was set by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939 (approved by Congress in 1941), who changed it from Abraham Lincoln's designation as the last Thursday in November (which could occasionally end up being the fifth Thursday and hence too close to Christmas for businesses). But the Pilgrims' first Thanksgiving began at some unknown date between September 21 and November 9, most likely in very early October. The date of Thanksgiving was probably set by Lincoln to somewhat correlate with the anchoring of the Mayflower at Cape Cod, which occurred on November 21, 1620 (by our modern Gregorian calendar--it was November 11 to the Pilgrims who used the Julian calendar). There are only two contemporary accounts of the 1621 Thanksgiving: First is Edward Winslow's account, which he wrote in a letter dated December 12, 1621. The complete letter was first published in 1622, and is chapter 6 of Mourt's Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth.
MYTH: The pilgrims wore only black and white clothing. They had buckles on their hats, garments, and shoes. FACT: Buckles did not come into fashion until later in the seventeenth century and black and white were commonly worn only on Sunday and formal occasions. Women typically dressed in red, earthy green, brown, blue, violet, and gray, while men wore clothing in white, beige, black, earthy green, and brown.
