Unveiling the Cultural Significance Behind the Science Wars

1. 科學戰爭背後的文化意義

2. 科學戰爭背後的文化意義 科學戰爭 科學家 科學社會學家 (哲學社會學文化研究) STS (科學.技術.社會) 歷史背景 Sokal's Hoax (索可的惡作劇) "Social Text" ( Spring/Summer,1996) P.217-252

5. 科學戰爭背後的文化意義 科學戰爭 Sokal's Hoax (索可的惡作劇) Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity "Social Text" ( Spring/Summer,1996) P.217-252

6. Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity • Alan D. Sokal Department of PhysicsNew York University4 Washington PlaceNew York, NY 10003 USAInternet: SOKAL@NYU.EDU Telephone: (212) 998-7729 Fax: (212) 995-4016 • November 28, 1994 revised May 13, 1995 • Note: This article was published in Social Text #46/47, pp. 217-252 (spring/summer 1996). • Biographical Information: The author is a Professor of Physics at New York University. He has lectured widely in Europe and Latin America, including at the Università di Roma ``La Sapienza'' and, during the Sandinista government, at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua. He is co-author with Roberto Fernández and Jürg Fröhlich of Random Walks, Critical Phenomena, and Triviality in Quantum Field Theory (Springer, 1992). • Transgressing disciplinary boundaries ... [is] a subversive undertaking since it is likely to violate the sanctuaries of accepted ways of perceiving. Among the most fortified boundaries have been those between the natural sciences and the humanities. • -- Valerie Greenberg, Transgressive Readings (1990, 1) • The struggle for the transformation of ideology into critical science ... proceeds on the foundation that the critique of all presuppositions of science and ideology must be the only absolute principle of science. • -- Stanley Aronowitz, Science as Power (1988b, 339) • There are many natural scientists, and especially physicists, who continue to reject the notion that the disciplines concerned with social and cultural criticism can have anything to contribute, except perhaps peripherally, to their research. Still less are they receptive to the idea that the very foundations of their worldview must be revised or rebuilt in the light of such criticism. Rather, they cling to the dogma imposed by the long post-Enlightenment hegemony over the Western intellectual outlook, which can be summarized briefly as follows: that there exists an external world, whose properties are independent of any individual human being and indeed of humanity as a whole; that these properties are encoded in ``eternal'' physical laws; and that human beings can obtain reliable, albeit imperfect and tentative, knowledge of these laws by hewing to the ``objective'' procedures and epistemological strictures prescribed by the (so-called) scientific method.

7. 跨越界線通往重力量子論的轉換詮釋學 • 科學家緊抱著一種「啟蒙時代以後，長期以霸權壓制西方知識面貌的教條思想」，也就是「外在世界確實是存在的，它的性質是獨立於任何個人、或者人類的整體。這些性質記錄於『外在的』物理定律裏，人類有能力得到物理定律的可靠知識，雖然知識也許不盡完美、是暫時性的。獲得物理定律的手段是善用（所謂的）科學方法裏的『客觀』程式與知識判准」。 • 在物理『實體』的底層，其實是社會與語言的建構。 • 將處理微觀時間與空間性質的量子重力理論，說成有「政 • 治上」的意義與影響。為支持這種論調，他徵引一些波爾與海森堡有爭議的哲學性言論，然後宣稱量子力學與「後現代知識論」調子相近。 • 最後結論「後現代科學」已經把客觀實體的概念廢除，而科學如果要發揮「解放」的作用，必須臣服於政治的策略。

8. Sokal's HoaxSteven WeinbergThe New York Review of Books, Volume XLIII, No. 13, pp 11-15, August 8, 1996 • Like many other scientists, I was amused by news of the prank played by the NYU mathematical physicist Alan Sokal. Late in 1994 he submitted a sham article to the cultural studies journal Social Text, in which he reviewed some current topics in physics and mathematics, and with tongue in cheek drew various cultural, philosophical and political morals that he felt would appeal to fashionable academic commentators on science who question the claims of science to objectivity. • The editors of Social Text did not detect that Sokal's article was a hoax, and they published it in the journal's Spring/Summer 1996 issue.1 The hoax was revealed by Sokal in an article for another journal, Lingua Franca;2 he explained that his Social Text article had been "liberally salted with nonsense," and in his opinion was accepted only because "(a) it sounded good and (b) it flattered the editors' ideological preconceptions." Newspapers and newsmagazines throughout the U.S. and Britain carried the story. Sokal's hoax may join the small company of legendary academic hoaxes, along with the pseudo-fossils of Piltdown man planted by Charles Dawson and the pseudo-Celtic epic Ossian written by James Macpherson. The difference is that Sokal's hoax served a public purpose, to attract attention to what Sokal saw as a decline of standards of rigor in the academic community, and for that reason it was unmasked immediately by the author himself.

9. 帕叵 Karl Popper 費耶阿本 Paul Feyeraben 拉卡托司 Imre Lakatos 孔恩 Thomas Kuhn 拉圖 Bruno Latour 謝平 Steven Shapin

10. KARL POPPER1902-1994

12. Theorem is Scientific only if it can be Falsified

13. John Horgan The Author of The End of Science

14. Is this falsifiability theorem falsifiable?

15. A theory is an invention,an act of creation,based more on a scientist’s intuition than on preexisting empirical data

16. The history of science is everywhere speculative

17. “Our knowledge can only be finite, while our ignorance must necessarily be infinite

18. The Open Society and its Enemies The Open Society by one of its Enemies

19. 帕叵 Karl Popper 費耶阿本 Paul Feyeraben 拉卡托司 Imre Lakatos 孔恩 Thomas Kuhn 拉圖 Bruno Latour 謝平 Steven Shapin

20. Paul Feyerabend (1924 - February 11, 1994)

21. The Worst Enemy of science?

22. Farewell to Reason The best education consists in immunizing people against systematic attempts at education

23. Against Method There is no any single form of reasoning that can be labelled “the scientific method”

24. How to Defense Society Against Science Scientists are every bit the equal of ancient myth-tellers,troubadous and court jesters. Leading Intellectuals with their zeal for objectivity…….are criminals,not the liberators of mankind. Science is become kind of a religion.

25. 帕叵 Karl Popper 費耶阿本 Paul Feyeraben 拉卡托司 Imre Lakatos 孔恩 Thomas Kuhn 拉圖 Bruno Latour 謝平 Steven Shapin

26. Imre Lakatos (1922-1974 )

27. Proofs and Refutations • The thesis of 'Proofs and Refutations' is that the development of mathematics does not consist (as conventional philosophy of mathematics tells us it does) in the steady accumulation of eternal truths. Mathematics develops, according to Lakatos, in a much more dramatic and exciting way - by a process of conjecture, followed by attempts to 'prove' the conjecture (i.e. to reduce it to other conjectures) followed by criticism via attempts to produce counter-examples both to the conjectured theorem and to the various steps in the proof. • that Proofs and Refutations is:- • ... an overwhelming work. The effect of its polemical brilliance, its complexity of argument and self-conscious sophistication, its sheer weight of historical learning, is to dazzle the reader.

28. IMRE LAKATOS

29. 帕叵 Karl Popper 費耶阿本 Paul Feyeraben 拉卡托司 Imre Lakatos 孔恩 Thomas Kuhn 拉圖 Bruno Latour 謝平 Steven Shapin

30. Thomas S. Kuhn(1922 - 1996)

31. Paradigm • Paradigm shift, sometimes known as extraordinary science or revolutionary science, is the term first used by Thomas Kuhn in his influential 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions to describe a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. It is in contrast to his idea of normal science. • It has since become widely applied to many other realms of human experience as well even though Kuhn himself restricted the use of the term to the hard sciences. According to Kuhn, "A paradigm is what members of a scientific community, and they alone, share.” (The Essential Tension, 1997). Unlike a normal scientist, Kuhn held, “a student in the humanities has constantly before him a number of competing and incommensurable solutions to these problems, solutions that he must ultimately examine for himself.” (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions). A scientist, however, once a paradigm shift is complete, is not allowed the luxury, for example, of positing the possibility that miasma causes the flu or that ether carries light in the same way that a critic in the Humanities can choose to adopt a 19th century theory of poetics, for instance, or select Marxism as an explanation of economic behaviour. Thus, paradigms, in the sense that Kuhn used them, do not exist in Humanities or social sciences. Nonetheless, the term has been adopted since the 1960s and applied in non-scientific contexts.

33. incommensurable

34. 帕叵 Karl Popper 費耶阿本 Paul Feyeraben 拉卡托司 Imre Lakatos 孔恩 Thomas Kuhn 拉圖 Bruno Latour 謝平 Steven Shapin

35. Bruno Latour

37. Steven Shapin Franklin L. Ford Professor of the History of Science

39. 台灣的戰火 氣功經脈絡

41. 台灣的戰火 氣功經脈絡 超感官知覺 ( ESP) (Extra Sensory Perception)

42. 《科學月刊》1997年3月號「氣裡乾坤」專輯

43. 字的訊息 佛 　 觀音 Jesus Sam 　　　　　訊息場

44. 《春季展望》 李嗣涔：特異功能 可以練出來 資優生科學營 李嗣涔又談特異功能 林志成／溪頭報導 2006-08-16 04:00 92/06/23 第九屆吳健雄科學營昨天舉行，在大批資優生面前，台大校長李嗣涔以「科學的疆界」為題，暢談他過去所做的有關「手指識字」特異功能研究。他說，「主流科學家」排斥「框架外的科學」，這很不幸。 他是不是科學乩童? 台大電機系教授李嗣涔，從氣功到特異功能到宗教聖者神通，都是真實存在，不該因不了解就完全排斥，應設法尋求科學解釋。

45. 台灣的戰火 氣功經脈絡 超感官知覺 ( ESP) (Extra Sensory Perception) 文化差異展現不同的意義