The European Period- Spanish & French Exploration

1. The European Period- Spanish & French Exploration 1492 to 1763 Coach Kuntz Mississippi Studies

2. In 1492, Christopher Columbus convinced the King and Queen of Spain to provide him three ships, a crew, and supplies in an attempt to sail westward around the world, eventually to arrive in India. • Instead of finding India, Columbus landed in the Bahamas, claiming several of the islands for Spain. He was credited with discovering the new world. • By 1560, Spain had colonized large parts of North and South America. • Hernando Cortez- Defeated the Aztecs in present day Mexico and colonized the area • Francisco Pizarro- Defeated the Inca and colonized western South America Arriving in the New World

3. Hernando de Soto, who served under Pizarro in Peru, hoped to discover even greater riches than found in South America. • In May 1539, de Soto landed in Tampa Bay Florida with 620 men and women, 223 horses, swine, and a pack of dogs and set out to explore North America. • De Soto is credited as being the first European to see the Mississippi River. The de Soto Expedition

4. Which states did de Soto travel through? • In which state did his expedition cross the Mississippi River? • What happened to de Soto during his journey? • Where did Luis de Moscoso lead the expedition? • Where did the expedition ultimately end up? The de Soto Expedition

5. Which states did de Soto travel through? • In which state did his expedition cross the Mississippi River? • What happened to de Soto during his journey? • Where did Luis de Moscoso lead the expedition? • Where did the expedition ultimately end up? The de Soto Expedition Florida -> Georgia -> South Carolina -> North Carolina -> Tennessee -> Alabama -> Mississippi -> Arkansas -> Missouri Mississippi In May 1542, Hernando de Soto died of a fever on the banks of the Mississippi River. Because de Soto had convinced some Indians that he was a god, his men secretly buried his body by sinking it somewhere in the Mississippi River during the night. The exact location is unknown. He led them through Arkansas and into Texas (then he turned around and came back to where they started). Then he sailed down the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico A Spanish colony in Mexico

6. After Hernando de Soto’s failure to find treasure on his expedition, the southern woodlands went undisturbed by Europeans for nearly 130 years. • Eventually, European nations realized that the real treasure of the new world were not gold or silver. Instead, the realized more profit could be made from creating colonies and then trading with them. • France, Spain, and England began colonizing what is now the United States and wars were soon to follow once the countries began infringing on each other’s colonial territory. European Rivalries Mother Country Colony

7. In 1534, France colonized a large part of present day Canada, calling this territory ”New France”. • In 1673, the Governor of Canada sent Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet to find and explore a great river that native Americans said “lost itself in the great sea”. • The explorers soon found the river that Indians called the “Mississippi”. • As they traveled south, they realized that this river was the river discovered by de Soto and that it flowed south to Mexico. The expedition returned to Canada. • French takeaways from this expedition: 1. The river provided an important trade route 2. The route could serve as a barrier to English colonies attempting to expand west Marquette and Joliet Expedition

8. In 1682, French explorer Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle led an expedition from New France, down the Mississippi River. • By April 1682, la Salle had reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and he claimed all land and tributaries of the river for King Louis XIV of France. The vast land was named the Louisiana Province. • After returning to France, la Salle attempted to return to the mouth of the river to establish a settlement there. Unfortunately, he got lost, wandered around the south for a while looking for the river, and eventually his crew got tired of la Salle and murdered him. • BUT, la Salle did grow the French empire by claiming the Mississippi River and all of its tributaries for France. ”Dibs!”-La Salle (Probably)

9. After la Salle failed, the French government sent Pierre le Moyne, Sieurd’Iberville and his brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville to establish a settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi River. • The two men traveled the Gulf Coast, looking for the river. They met a group of Indians who called themselves the Biloxi. At that point, D’Iberville was sure they found the Mississippi. • D’Iberville thought the land at the mouth of the Mississippi was too swampy for a colony, so he sailed back to Biloxi Bay and built Fort Maurepas on the east side of the bay. • Fort Maurepas served as the capital of the Louisiana Province for a short time. d’Iberville and de Bienville

10. Fort Maurepas did not last as the capital because it was not located on a river and so it did not provide access to the interior of the continent. • In 1701, the capital of the Louisiana Province was moved to Mobile Bay in present day Alabama and Bienville was elected governor of the territory. • During his time as governor, Bienville consistently encouraged settlers, especially women, to move to the lower Mississippi Valley. A New Governor

11. France, Spain, and England all realized the importance of controlling the Mississippi River to creating successful colonies. • All three attempted to establish settlements at the mouth of the Mississippi, but only France had early success settling the Mississippi– In 1716, France founded Natchez, the first permanent settlement on the Mississippi River, and, in 1718, they founded the port of New Orleans at the mouth of the river. • In 1716, the French built Fort Rosalie, allowing the nearby Natchez settlement and French settlements in the Mississippi Valley to thrive. Natchez was considered for the new capital of the Louisiana Province, but New Orleans was selected in 1722. Control of the Mississippi- Fort Rosalie and the French Natchez District

12. As French landowners moved to Louisiana from the Caribbean, they brought their slaves with them. • Bienville created a special laws that regulated slavery in the Louisiana Province. • These laws were called “Code Noir” which is French for ”Black Code”. • Some of these laws included: • No separations of husbands and wives • No children under 14 years old could be separated from their mothers • Freed slaves became naturalized French citizens Black Codes

13. Because France, Spain, and England wanted to expand their North American territories, border disputes were common. • The French and Indian War (1754-1763) pit France, Spain, and their Native American allies against England and their Native American Allies. • …France lost… • The war was settled by the Treaty of Paris 1763. • Terms of the Treaty: • France gave England all French lands east of the Mississippi River • France gave Spain all French lands west of the Mississippi River • France gave Spain the city of New Orleans. • England now controlled the area that would become Mississippi The French Leave the Mississippi Valley

15. How do scientists say the first Americans arrived on the continent? • What is the name of the land bridge that once connected North America and Asia? • The most important crop for southeastern Indians was _______________. • Describe the relationship between Native Americans and the environment • Most southeastern Indians spoke ___________________ or some variation of this language. • Southeastern Indian nations did not have written language, but they invented written communication called _______________. • Mississippi tribes were _________________, meaning they traced their family line through their mothers. • What ceremony was the most important ceremony for southeastern Indians and required the sacrificing of the first fruits of a harvest in the hope that the rest of the harvest would be successful? • Most Mississippi tribes were organized by towns and villages that exercised some __________________________. • The Choctaw and Chickasaw developed tribal councils composed of leaders called ___________________, • Be able to identify the locations of Mississippi’s Native Americans on a map. • The tale of Chata and Chicksah describes the origin of which tribes? Review:

16. 13. The Chickasaw were known for being hunters and _____________________. 14. The Chickasaw mostly allied with ______________ and provided refuge to the __________________ following the battle at Fort Rosalie. 15. Who was the second largest Native American nation in the southeast? 16. The Choctaw were more ________________ than the Chickasaw. 17. Who did the Choctaw ally with at the battle at Fort Rosalie? 18. Who was at the top of the Natchez social structure, although he had no authority over the Natchez villages? 19. What did the Natchez build for their religious ceremonies? What was their most famous one called? 20. Where were the Natchez defeated that marked the end of their national identity? 21. What happened to many of the smaller tribes in Mississippi? 22. Why did farmers call for the relocation of Native Americans from Mississippi? 23. Which federal policy called for the forced relocation of Native Americans off of United States land? Which law did Congress pass in 1830 to enact this policy? 24. What was the name of the path that Native Americans were forced to take when relocating to Indian territory in Oklahoma? Review:

17. 25. Which Spanish sailor sailed west in search of India, but instead landed in the Bahamas? He’s credited with discovering the “New World”. 26. What was the purpose of the de Soto expedition? 27. _______________ is credited as being the first European to see the Mississippi River. 28. What was the fate of de Soto and his expedition? (success/failure) 29. What did European powers discover was the real treasure in the southern woodlands? How did this system work? 30. What were the French takeaways from the Marquette and Joliet expedition? 31. Which French explorer reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and claimed all of its lands and tributaries for King Louis XIV? 32. What was the goal of the d’ Iberville and Bienville expedition? The outcome? 33. As the governor of the Louisiana Province, ____________ encouraged French settlers to move to the lower Mississippi Valley. 34. What was the first permanent settlement on the Mississippi River? 35. In 1722, what became the new capital of the Louisiana Province, replacing Mobile Bay? 36. Which code did Bienville create in order to regulate slavery in the Louisiana Province? 37. Why was the French and Indian War fought? 38. What impact did the Treaty of Paris 1763 have on England, Spain, and France’s new world colonies? 39. In 1763, who lost ownership of what would become Mississippi? Who gained this territory Review: