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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote: Characteristics and Cell Structures

Explore the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their cell structures, size, complexity, and mode of transport. Learn about the importance of maintaining a large surface area to volume ratio and the various types of membrane proteins. Discover the different types of transport, including passive and active transport, as well as endocytosis and exocytosis.

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Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote: Characteristics and Cell Structures

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  1. Chapter 5: Cells AP Biology Exam Review

  2. Prokaryote Vs. Eukaryote • “before” “kernel” • No nucleus • DNA in a nucleoid • Cytosol • No organelles other than ribosomes • Small size • Primitive • i.e. bacteria • “true” “kernel” • Has nucleus and nuclear membrane • Cytosol • Has organelles with specialized structure and function • Much larger in size • More complex • i.e. plant/animal cell

  3. Parts of plant & animal cell p 108-109

  4. Cells must remain small to maintain a large surface area to volume ratio • Large S.A. allows increased rates of chemical exchange between cell and environment

  5. Animal cells have intercellular junctions: • Tight junction = prevent leakage • Desomosome = anchor cells together • Gap junction = allow passage of material

  6. Cell Membrane

  7. 6 types of membrane proteins

  8. Passive vs. Active Transport • Little or no Energy • Moves from high to low concentrations • Moves down the concentration gradient • i.e. diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion (with a transport protein) • Requires Energy (ATP) • Moves from a low concentration to high • Moves against the concentration gradient • i.e. pumps, exo/endocytosis

  9. hypotonic / isotonic / hypertonic

  10. Exocytosis and Endocytosis transport large molecules • 3 Types of Endocytosis: • Phagocytosis (“cell eating” - solids) • Pinocytosis (“cell drinking” - fluids) • Receptor-mediated endocytosis • Very specific • Substances bind to receptors on cell surface

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