3.2.1.3 – Basic information processing

1. 3.2.1.3 – Basic information processing Learning objectives To be able to describe the method of information processing. To understand the different information processing stages and apply this to sporting examples.

2. Basic information processing model During any activity we have to learn and perform a wide range of skills and have to select the appropriate skill action for any given situation. Watch me What information do performers need to process?

3. Basic information processing model There are 4 stages of information processing and is a repeated cycle of events. Decision making Output Input Feedback

4. Basic information processing model The first stage of this process is the input. Information is gained from the bodies senses and selective attention. The performer will pick out important input cues from the environment. i.e. pick out the flight of the ball.

5. Basic information processing model The second stage of this process is the decision making. The decision process takes place by comparing the current situation, held in the short term memory, with previous experiences, held in the long term memory, to determine an appropriate action. In this decision making phase, the performer must decide what to do with the stimulus identified. i.e. The performer will have to decide whether to move their feet into position.

6. Basic information processing model The third stage of this process is the output. The action is performed with reference to the movement pattern stored in long term memory. Once the action is completed, the situation and result are stored in the long term memory for future reference. The performer must instruct his muscles to move accordingly so the catch can be executed. i.e. The performer will coordinate limbs to catch the ball.

7. Basic information processing model The last stage of this process is the feedback. Information received via intrinsic (self) or extrinsic (outside) sources is used to repeat the processes or adjust depending on success rate.

8. Basic information processing model Below is a footballer approaching a 1 vs 1 with a goalkeeper. Think. Pair. Share - How does the information processing model work for a player approaching a 1 vs 1 with a goalkeeper? (use the words; input, decision making, output and feedback)

9. Apply it! What has stuck with you?

10. Practice it! Exam questions 1. Using the stages of the information processing model, analyse how a performer hits a ball or shuttlecock in a racket sport of your choice (for example squash, tennis or badminton) (6)

11. Practice it! • Marks Scheme: • 1. AO1 – Knowledge of the stages of information processing, eg • • The stages are input, decision making, output, and feedback • AO2 – Application to a performer hitting a ball/shuttlecock, eg tennis • • Input – sight of the ball moving towards the player • • Decision making – which shot to play / movement to make • • Output – shot selected to play • • Feedback – did you play a good shot / hit the ball? • AO3 – Analysis/evaluation of the stages of information processing being used by a performer hitting a ball/shuttlecock, eg tennis • • (Input) Information from the display – how is the opponent holding the racket / swinging the racket / how is the ball flying (with spin) / where is the ball after it has landed • • (Input) Selective attention – blocking out everything, eg noise / other visual stimuli / other than key focus points above, ie the ball • • (Decision making) Selection of appropriate response from memory – have you dealt with this before / have you seen this a similar type of shot before • • (Decision making) – Recall of relevant tennis shot from the long term memory / executed by short term memory • • (Output) Information sent to muscles to carry out the response – choice of shot / movement of feet / movement of racket • • (Output) Credit use of appropriate muscles for a tennis shot, ie deltoid / pectorals • (Feedback) Received via self (intrinsic / kinaesthetic) and / or others (extrinsic) – did you hit ball / how did it feel / where did it go / did you misread the ball