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Session 8

Session 8. 90 Minutes. Alcohol as a Drug. Learning Objectives. Describe a brief history of alcohol Identify common types of alcohol Describe the physiological processes of absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol in the human body

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Session 8

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  1. Session 8 90 Minutes Alcohol as a Drug

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe a brief history of alcohol • Identify common types of alcohol • Describe the physiological processes of absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol in the human body • Describe dose response relationships that impact on alcohol’s impairing effects

  3. H H HC COH H H Alcohol A family of closely-related chemicals whose molecules are made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

  4. METHYL ALCOHOL (Methanol) ETHYL ALCOHOL (Ethanol) ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL (Isopropanol) Some Types of Alcohol

  5. Ethanol Ethyl Alcohol (Intended for human consumption) Chemical Symbols: • ETOH • C2H5OH H O H H C C H H H

  6. Production of Ethanol • FERMENTATION Yeast combines with sugars from fruit or grains in a chemical reaction that results in ETOH

  7. Production of Ethanol • FERMENTATION Yeast combines with sugars from fruit or grains in a chemical reaction that results in ETOH • DISTILLATION Fermented beverage is boiled at a controlled temperature to extract and concentrate the ethanol fumes

  8. Common Drink Sizes Bottle of Beer • 12 ounces of fluid @ 4% alcohol equals 0.48 ounces of pure alcohol Glass of Wine • 4 ounces of fluid @ 12% alcohol equals 0.48 ounces of pure alcohol Shot of Whiskey (80-Proof) • 1 and 1/4 ounces @ 40% alcohol equals 0.50 ounces of pure alcohol

  9. Alcohol is a CNS Depressant Alcohol Is The Most Abused Drug In The United States

  10. Absorption of Alcohol 20% Getting the ethanol out of the stomach and into the blood Stomach Walls 20% Stomach Walls 20% 20% Stomach Walls 20%

  11. Absorption of Alcohol (Cont.) 20% Getting the ethanol out of the stomach and into the blood Stomach Walls 20% Stomach Walls 20% 20% Stomach Walls Pylorus 20% 80%

  12. Distribution of Alcohol Getting the ethanol into the body’s tissues and organs Basic Principle: • Ethanol goes wherever it finds water

  13. Which Parts of the Body Have a Lot of Water? KIDNEY MUSCLE TISSUE LIVER BRAIN Which Parts Contain Very Little Water? FATTY TISSUE BONES

  14. Significant Difference Between Men and Women • The average male is 68 percent water • The average female is only 55 percent water 55% 68%

  15. Elimination of Alcohol Getting the ethanol out of the body: Direct Excretion: • Breath, sweat, tears, urine, etc. Metabolism: • Primarily in the liver

  16. Metabolism in the Liver • The liver burns the ethanol (i.e., causes a chemical reaction of ethanol with oxygen) • The process is aided by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase • The ultimate products of the chemical reaction are carbon dioxide and water

  17. Metabolism in the Liver • Due to metabolism, the average person’s BAC drops by about 0.015 per hour

  18. Alcohol Symptomatology

  19. Alcohol Symptomatology (Cont.)

  20. Alcohol Symptomatology (Cont.)

  21. Blood Alcohol Concentration What does it mean? BAC is the number of grams of alcohol found in 100 milliliters of the person’s blood. Example: If a person has a BAC of .08, it means there is 0.08 grams of ethanol in every 100 milliliters (ml) of his or her blood.

  22. Grams, Milligrams and Nanograms A “gram” is pretty light (it takes almost 500 grams to make one pound) • One gram is equal to one thousand milligrams. • One-tenth of a gram therefore is equal to one hundred milligrams. So if a person has a BAC of 0.10, he or she has 100 milligrams of alcohol in every 100 milliliters of blood. That is the same as one milligram in every milliliter.

  23. How Much Alcohol Does a Person Have to Drink to Reach a BAC of 0.08?

  24. More on Grams and Nanograms • One milligram is equal to one million nanograms. (A nanogram is very light: it takes almost 500 billion of them to make a pound.) • A person whose BAC is 0.10 has one million nanograms of alcohol in every milliliter of blood. How does alcohol compare with other drugs?

  25. More on Grams and Nanograms • One milligram is equal to one million nanograms. (A nanogram is very light: it takes almost 500 billion of them to make a pound.) • A person whose BAC is 0.10 has one million nanograms of alcohol in every milliliter of blood. How does alcohol compare with other drugs?

  26. Drug Concentrations Typically Associated With “Significant” Impairment

  27. Drug Concentrations Typically Associated With “Significant” Impairment (Cont.)

  28. Drug Concentrations Typically Associated With “Significant” Impairment (Cont.)

  29. “No Drugs Were Found”

  30. QUESTIONS?

  31. Review Questions

  32. Review Questions

  33. Review Questions

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