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Economics 301

This lecture dives into the reasons why males in most animal species are bigger and more colorful than females, focusing on the concept of polygyny and competition for mates. By using insights from biology, we can discern additional patterns and texture in natural environments.

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Economics 301

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  1. Economics 301 Lecture 2

  2. The Economic Naturalist Knowing biology makes it possible to discern additional pattern and texture in natural environments. • Why, in most species, are males bigger and more colorful than females?

  3. Most animal species are polygynous. Males compete with one another for access to females. The winners take multiple mates and sire most of the offspring to their species.

  4. Why are the antlers of male elk “too big”?

  5. Very little sexual dimorphism in monogamous species.

  6. Example 2.1. “Why do the keypad buttons on drive-up automatic teller machines have Braille dots?” (Bill Tjoa)

  7. Your question must be interesting. Your answer must be plausible.

  8. Example 2.2. Why are child safety seats required in cars but not in airplanes?” (Greg Balet)

  9. Breaker Morant Picnic at Hanging Rock The Last Wave Strictly Ballroom Priscilla, Queen of the Desert My Brilliant Career Mad Max Crocodile Dundee Gallipoli Moulin Rouge Walkabout Lantana Rabbit Proof Fence The Year of Living Dangerously Muriel’s Wedding Shine What do the items on this list have in common?

  10. Example 2.3. Why are Australian films so good?

  11. Criteria for choosing a film to see: Is it by a well-known director? Does it feature a favorite actor or actress? Has it gotten rave reviews in the media? Word of mouth?

  12. The only Australian films with a chance to make it in the US market are really good ones—those able to generate strong reviews and word of mouth.

  13. Example 2.4. Why do brides spend so much money on wedding dresses, while grooms often rent cheap tuxedos, even though grooms could potentially wear their tuxedos on many other occasions and brides will never wear their dresses again? (Jennifer Dulski)

  14. To enable the renter to make a fashion statement, a rental company would need to offer 40 different styles of gown in each size. Each gown would be rented only once every 4 or 5 years. To make money, the company would have to charge a rental payment that exceeded the purchase price. No one would rent.

  15. If men are content to wear a standard style tux, then two or three suits in each size will do. Each suit can be rented 5 or 6 times a year Rent = about 25% of purchase price

  16. Example 2.5. Why are round-trip fares from Hawaii to the mainland higher than the corresponding fares from the mainland to Hawaii? (Karen Hittle)

  17. Example 2.6. Why do airlines charge much more for tickets purchased at the last minute, while Broadway theaters follow exactly the opposite practice? (Gerasimos Efthimiatos)

  18. Example 2.7. Why do many people buy larger houses when they retire and their own children leave home? (Tobin Schilke)

  19. Example2.8. Why did paper towels replace hot-air hand dryers in public restrooms in the 1970s?

  20. Example 2.9. Why is airline food so bad?

  21. Should I increase the quality of the meals? B(x) = same as in restaurants on the ground C(x) = much higher than for restaurants on the ground, because of space constraints

  22. Example 2.10. Why do many manual transmissions have six forward speeds, most automatics only four?

  23. Example 2.11. Why does a telecom-munications equipment manufacturer offer “free” BMW sedans to employees with more than one year of service?

  24. BMW lease price was $9000/year. Why not give employees $9000/year in extra salary instead?

  25. The Logic of Gift Giving Among each of the following pairs of items costing the same amounts, which item would be the more suitable gift for a close friend?

  26. $20 worth of Macadamia nuts (12 oz) $20 worth of peanuts (10 pounds)? or

  27. A $200 gift certificate for McDonalds (25 dinners)? A $200 gift certificate for Maison de la Casa House (one dinner) or

  28. $30 of Uncle Ben’s Converted Rice (50 pounds)? $30 worth of wild rice (3 pounds) or

  29. Getting the BMW as a gift eliminates guilt feelings about splurging; any perception that you’re trying to impress others; the need to spend the $9000 on kitchen improvements; and the need to explain to your parents why you didn’t buy the more practical Honda Accord.

  30. Why do many fast food restaurants post signs like this?

  31. Why do most bars charge their patrons $3 for bottled water but give them pretzels and peanuts for free?

  32. Further examples: •Why do top female models earn so much more than top male models? (Fran Adams) •Why aren’t NFL kickers paid the same as leading scorers in other sports? (Ed Kline) •Why didn’t anyone sign up for Thanksgiving dinner? (Anita Lee)

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