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The Science of Batteries

Understand the basic parts of an atom, how electrons move in a battery, and the difference between current and voltage. Learn about atoms, battery structure, and the chemical reactions that power batteries. Explore why batteries eventually die as the metals inside react with the electrolyte. Discover the relationship between electrons, metals, and electrolytes that produces electrical energy in batteries.

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The Science of Batteries

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  1. The Science of Batteries • You will learn about: • what’s inside a battery • how a battery works • how electricity moves • the difference between current and voltage

  2. First some background: everything is made of atoms – including this pencil Wood No. 2 magnified 10 times

  3. Cells The wood is made of cells magnified 1000 times

  4. Cells have parts inside them, like DNA DNA magnified 10,000,000 times

  5. DNA and everything else are made of atoms Atoms magnified 50,000,000 times O C C H C C H

  6. Atoms are made of a few parts: protons, electrons, and neutrons N N N P P P E E E O C C H C C H

  7. The protons and neutrons are stuck together in the center of the atom; this center is called the nucleus. There is a lot of space between electrons and the nucleus. N N N N P P P P E E E E The basic parts of an atom Key Neutron (0) Proton (+) Electron (-) The electrons spin around the outside of the nucleus.

  8. In fact, there is so much empty space between an atom’s electrons and nucleus that even this diagram is misleading N N N P P P E E E Really far apart!

  9. N N N P P P E E E To keep things simple, let’s use this diagram for an atom

  10. N N N N N N P P P P P P E E E E E E Sometimes Electrons Jump from One Atom to Another

  11. What’s all this stuff about atoms have to do with batteries? Batteries make electrons jump from atom to atom to make things work

  12. A layer of the metal zinc is around the outside of the battery A rod of carbon is in the center of the battery A mixture called an electrolyte (an acid or base) separates the carbon rod from the zinc layer The Basic Parts of a Battery

  13. + + + - - + + - - - - - + - + - - + - E - - + - - + - + - - - + - - + - + - - - - - - - - - If you connect a wire between the 2 metals, electrons flow from the negative zinc to the positive carbon How a Battery Works When the carbon reacts with the electrolyte it loses electrons and becomes positive When the zinc reacts with the electrolyte, it steals electrons from the electrolyte and becomes negative

  14. In the wire, electrons are jumping from atom to atom N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E Electricity IS the flow of electrons Close up of Wire

  15. + + + - - + + - - - - - + - + - - + - E - - + - - + - + - - - + - - + - + - - - - - - - - - Battery Power! Put something on the wire, and the electrons get to work! Batteries turnchemical energyintoelectrical energy !!

  16. Not all batteries are the same • One difference is how many electrons are moving. We call this current or amperage • Another difference is how fast (or with how much pressure) the electrons are moving. We call this the voltage

  17. Not all batteries have the same voltage 1.5 Volts 9 Volts

  18. E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E High Current/Amperage& Low Voltage Low Current/Amperage& Low Voltage High Current/Amperage& High Voltage Low Current/Amperage& High Voltage

  19. A 9 volt battery is just six 1.5 volt batteries combined together

  20. + + + - - + + - - - - - + - + - - + - - - + - - + - + - - - + - - + - + - - - - - - - - - Why Batteries Die Batteries work because the metals react with the electrolyte. Batteries dies when its metals inside have completely reacted with the electrolyte. Either the metals have dissolved or the electrolyte has no more extra electrons to push around.

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