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Chapter 14

Chapter 14. Empirical Reasoning. Learning Outcomes. Explain empirical reasoning and how it works as a self-corrective process Apply empirical reasoning correctly Describe the uses, benefits, and risks of empirical reasoning. Chapter Opening Video. Recognizing Empirical Reasoning.

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Chapter 14

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  1. Chapter 14 Empirical Reasoning

  2. Learning Outcomes Explain empirical reasoning and how it works as a self-corrective process Apply empirical reasoning correctly Describe the uses, benefits, and risks of empirical reasoning

  3. Chapter Opening Video

  4. Recognizing Empirical Reasoning Characteristics of empirical reasoning Hypotheses, conditions, and measurable manifestations

  5. Characteristics of Empirical Reasoning • Empirical reasoning • Inductive • Self-corrective • Open to scrutiny and independent verification

  6. Empirical Reasoning or Bottom-Up Thinking

  7. Hypotheses, Conditions, and Measurable Manifestations Hypothesis can be expressed as a supposition or a general statement Null hypothesis:Two phenomena are entirely unrelated except by random chance Empirical reasoning arguments describe states of affairs created experimentally or measured in natural settings

  8. Conducting an Investigation Scientifically Steps in the process - An extended example Evaluating empirical reasoning

  9. Steps in the Process - An Extended Example Identify a problem of significance Form a hypothesis Review the scientific literature Identify all factors related to the hypothesis and the phenomenon of interest

  10. Steps in the Process - An Extended Example Make each factor measurable Ensure that the experimental conditions can be met

  11. Steps in the Process - An Extended Example Design a procedure Run a pilot study Conduct the study/experiment and gather the data Conduct appropriate analyses of the data Interpret the findings and discuss their significance

  12. Steps in the Process - An Extended Example Critique the findings Publish the research Design a follow up study

  13. Evaluating Empirical Reasoning • Tests to determine the worthiness of an argument • Truthfulness of the premises • Test for logical strength • Test of relevancy and test of non-circularity • Peer review

  14. Benefits and Risks Associated with Empirical Reasoning • Used when an individual wants to explain, predict or control what happens • Accurate predictions enable people to anticipate what is likely to happen under certain conditions • Can be complicated, errors can occur • Confirmatory findings support a hypothesis

  15. Benefits and Risks Associated with Empirical Reasoning Group endeavors - Empirical investigation, and the application of critical thinking skills and habits of mind to scientific inquiry Empirical reasoning self-monitors and self-corrects through independent inquiry

  16. Discussion Question • “Science is a way to keep from fooling ourselves -- and each other” - Anne Druyan, Executive Producer, & Steven Soter, Astrophysicist • What are they referring to? Give an example

  17. Sketchnote Video

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