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Diphyllobothrium latum. Audra Spring. Review. Known as the “broad fish tapeworm” Largest human tapeworm Parasitic to fish-eating mammals Lives in intestines and passed through feces into water Two intermediate hosts are crustaceans and fish. Discovery & Accounts.
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Diphyllobothrium latum Audra Spring
Review • Known as the “broad fish tapeworm” • Largest human tapeworm • Parasitic to fish-eating mammals • Lives in intestines and passed through feces into water • Two intermediate hosts are crustaceans and fish
Discovery & Accounts • Discovered by Linneaus in 1758. • Preserved bodies in peat bogs in Poland and Denmark contained intestinal parasite eggs. • Szidat found the ‘Drobnitz Girl’ and the ‘Karwinden Man’ in 1944 in East Prussia. Many parasites were found in the intestines, including Diphyllobotrium latum. • The numbers of eggs recovered from the girl were correlated to the numbers of eggs in feces from rural populations in Prussia in 1939.
Discovery & Accounts • Grzywinski investigated coprolites in the 1950s and 1960s from a domestic Slavic settlement located on an island in the River Odra in Poland and found Diphyllobothrium latum. • Jansen & Over reported a range of parasitic species from human fecal material in 1962 from material dated 100 BC to AD 500 in Germany. Eggs of many parasites were found, Diphyllobothruim latum among them. • There are references to tapeworms in general in the Bible and other historical texts, but not to Diphyllobothrium latum specifically.
Historical Development • There are few medical records from the Middle Ages, but there are several references to worms. They were not usually seen as the cause of disease due to the cultural beliefs and lack of technology. • Parasitology improved in the 17th and 18th centuries after science and scholarship gained popularity during the Renaissance. This is when Linnaeus made his discovery and the germ theory was proposed.
Prevalence & Migration • Diphyllobothrium latum is mostly endemic in Europe and North America. It is found in Palearctic and Nearctic areas, such as freshwater lakes and streams of North America and the Great Lakes, as well as the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. • Diphylobothrium latum was introduced to North America by immigrants from Scandinavia and has been spread greatly by domestic dogs that are fed raw fish.
Cultural Practices & Infrastructure • The use of lakes, ponds, and streams for waste disposal promote the spread of this parasite. • The parasite is less prevalent today in areas where water is treated and sewage does not mix with water intended for consumption. • However, the increased popularity of ethnic foods containing raw fish such as sushi in America has counteracted the improvements made in sanitation.
Treatments & Prevention • Can be prevented by fully cooking fish or freezing them before cooking at 12°C for no less than a day. • May also be prevented by improved sewage systems so waste water does not mix with drinking water. • Praziquantel is the drug of choice. Alternatively, Niclosamide can also be used to treat diphyllobothriasis.
References <http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:KbybTpIwOBQJ:ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/cbaresrep/pdf/043/04308001.pdf+diphyllobothrium+latum+ancient+accounts&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=5> <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762003000900016> <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=126866&tools=bot> <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Diphyllobothriasis.htm> <http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Diphyllobothrium_latum.html>
