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Assortative Mating Patterns in the Developing World

Explore the impact of shifting marriage ages and education on unions in developing countries with a focus on gender disparities. Analyze educational homogamy levels across eight developing nations to understand assortative mating patterns.

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Assortative Mating Patterns in the Developing World

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  1. IUSSP International Seminar on Changing Transitions to Marriage: Gender Implications for the Next Generation Assortative Mating Patterns in the Developing World Albert Esteve* and Robert McCaa** Presented by: Sula Sarkar** * Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics **Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota

  2. Data source: IPUMS • Preserve census microdata and documentation for all the countries in the world • Integrate microdata and metadata • Disseminate--without cost--extracts of samples to bona-fide researchers worldwide, regardless of country of birth, citizenship or residence. • Sustained, major funding since 1999 by: • National Science Foundation (USA) • National Institutes of Health (USA) • https://international.ipums.org/international/

  3. IPUMS-International census microdata, Sept. 2008dark green = already integrated(35 countries, 111 censuses, 263 millon person records)green = to be integrated (40 countries, 104 censuses, 150 mill.) Mollweide projection www.ipums.org

  4. Introduction • Basic concepts • Homogamy versus hetrogamy • Hypergamy versus hypogamy • Unions between people with similar characteristics make up the predominant pattern • Impact of education on assortative mating patterns

  5. Objectives • Study effect of changes in age at marriage and increasing schooling on the prevalence and conditions of unions in various contexts of the developing world • Assess levels of educational homogamy in eight developing countries • How do gender differences in educational attainment translate into gender differences in heterogamy

  6. Countries included in this study

  7. Samples included in study

  8. Hypothesis • -- Higher levels of educational homogamy correspond to groups located at the extremes of the hierarchy. • -- Positive relationship between gender inequalities in access to education and levels of educational hypergamy.

  9. Methodology -- Sampling methods: stratified sampling stratified cluster sampling (2005 Colombia, 2000 Mexico, all India samples) -- Variables of interest: “ever married” and “never married” educational homogamy -- Statistical Methods Loglinear models Logistic regression

  10. Percentage of never married (nor in union) by sex and country (ages 30 - 34), last census available NOTE: Brazil 2000; China 1990; Colombia 2005; Iraq 1997; Kenya 1999; Mexico 2000; Philippines 2000; South Africa 2001; India 2005

  11. Estimated log odds ratios from a logistic regression of the highest educated (univ. degree) and never married (age 25-34) NOTE: Brazil 2000; China 1990; Colombia 2005; Iraq 1997; Kenya 1999; Mexico 2000; Philippines 2000; South Africa 2001; India 2005

  12. Distribution of women (age 15 - 34) in union by educational attainment and country NOTE: Brazil 2000; China 1990; Colombia 2005; Iraq 1997; Kenya 1999; Mexico 2000; Philippines 2000; South Africa 2001; India 2005

  13. Distribution of men (age 15 - 34) in union by educational attainment and country NOTE: Brazil 2000; China 1990; Colombia 2005; Iraq 1997; Kenya 1999; Mexico 2000; Philippines 2000; South Africa 2001; India 2005

  14. Distribution of women (age 30 - 34) in union by educational homogamy - heterogamy and country

  15. Estimated log odds ratios from a loglinear regression of overall educational homogamy and hypergamy (women age 15 - 34) Homogamy Hypergamy

  16. Estimated log odds ratios from a loglinear regression of educational homogamy by educational attainment, Women ages 15 - 34 Primary Completed Less than Primary

  17. Estimated log odds ratios from a loglinear regression of educational homogamy by educational attainment, Women ages 15 - 34 Secondary Completed University Completed

  18. Concluding remarks • Availability of international census microdata offers an unprecedented opportunity to carry out cross-national research on marital homogamy and other topics • Significant changes are underway as union formation, particularly for females, is postponed to the mid-twenties and beyond. The proportions of never-marrying (or not in union) increase • Educational attainment is an important factor in all these developments • While homogamy rules everywhere, there is a surprising shift away from the conventional heterogamous pattern • It is the female who brings greater educational attainment to the union than the male • There are important differences between and within broad cultural regions

  19. Thank you!!Albert Esteve: aesteve@ced.uab.esRobert McCaa: rmccaa@umn.eduSula Sarkar: sula@socsci.umn.edu

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