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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation. Where do Research Ideas come from? Real life observations. Bank Intern Busted by Facebook

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation Prob Ident (IE3)

  2. Where do Research Ideas come from? • Real life observations Bank Intern Busted by Facebook Who says Facebook is the province of the young? Increasingly, the 30something bosses of naive recent college grads are proving adept at turning the social network against its earliest adopters. Kevin Colvin, an intern at Anglo Irish Bank's North American arm, was busted when he told his manager, Paul Davis, that he'd miss work due to what colleagues took to be a "family emergency". Davis turned up the photo above, freshly posted to Facebook from the Halloween party Colvin apparently missed work to attend, and attached it to his reply, copying the rest of the office as he did it. The email thread is now spreading around the net. After the jump, the entire exchange, and the incriminating photo. Story from http://valleywag.com/tech/your-privacy-is-an-illusion/bank-intern-busted-by-facebook-321802.php Prob Ident (IE4)

  3. Practical Issues • (Applied Psychology) • Does Therapy X work? • How can an employer increase productivity? • Can road signs be more • user friendly? Prob Ident (IE4)

  4. Past Research (Filling Inductive Gaps) • What further evidence do I need before • I can identify some general principles • about phenomenon X? Prob Ident (IE4)

  5. Reading Skills and Binocular Visual Skills One of the tests used in optometric offices is to have the child read words while looking into an instrument called a Telebinocular. The performance is compared between reading with either eye alone and with both eyes together. The difference in performance is often quite dramatic if there is an eye teaming problem. One eye performance might be quite satisfactory, but reading with both eyes together will be slower and many more errors will be made. Prob Ident (IE4)

  6. Basic Research • Focuses on theory driven questions. Overall Basic and Applied research work hand-in-hand to help build our theoretical understanding of psychology and it’s applications. Prob Ident (IE4)

  7. Scientific Theory: a group of logically organized and deductively related laws. Deductively related: capable of making predictions about specific cases. These predictions can be experimentally tested. Prob Ident (IE4)

  8. When Two theories make contradictory Predictions, experiments can help us to determine which theory is more valid. Ebbinghaus vs. Cognitive Theory Prob Ident (IE4)

  9. Does Rehearsal transfer information to LTM? Glenberg, Smith and Green Study. - subjects presented 4 digit numbers - each digit followed by word to repeat for 2, 6 or 18 secs. Told to remember digits (word repetition just distracter) Tested for the words. Increased rehearsal did not lead to better recall from LTM. Getting info into LTM takes more than repetition! GP Mem(1)

  10. Not all questions are open to Scientific Investigation! Mostly because they are not falsifiable and or have poorly defined operational definitions. Moral Questions and Religious Questions. Prob Ident (IE4)

  11. Literature (Published Studies) Review - what other studies have been done in the area? - what theories are used to summarize our current knowledge? Prob Ident (IE4)

  12. Books - Summarize a body of research • - often present one theoretical view • Journals • Peer Reviewed - to be published the • study must be found to be: • valid, unbiased • an addition to the knowledge base Prob Ident (IE4)

  13. Theoretical reviews - Inductive argument based on a body of studies. Reports of Research studies - detailed accounts of: 1) why the study was run? 2) how the study was run? 3) how the results were analyzed 4) what the study adds to our knowledge Prob Ident (IE4)

  14. Research Problem: • Interrogative statement (Question) • Does Simple Repetition increase Memory? Prob Ident (IE4)

  15. Specificity of the Research Question Are words that are repeated more often after presentation more likely to be recalled on an incidental memory test than words that are repeated less frequently after presentation? Prob Ident (IE4)

  16. Hypothesis: testable prediction If ________ is true then _________ should be observable. Prob Ident (IE4)

  17. Hypothesis: E.g., If Ebbinghaus’s theory is correct, then words which are repeated 8 times after presentation should be recalled more often on an incidental memory test than words that are repeated twice after presentation. Prob Ident (IE4)

  18. Scientific (alternative) Hypothesis: Statement of the relationship between the variables. I.e., Repetition increases memory More words recalled for the repeat 8 times condition than for the repeat 2 times condition. Prob Ident (IE4)

  19. Scientific Hypotheses are always statements of a difference between conditions (or a relationship between variables). Click on Cookie to get video .http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZIvgQ9ik48 Prob Ident (IE4)

  20. Null Hypothesis: Statement that there is no difference or that the variables are not related. I.e., Repetition does not increase memory There is no difference between the number of words recalled from the repeat 8 time condition and the repeat twice condition. Prob Ident (IE4)

  21. Statistical Statements of Hypothesis Scientific Hypothesis H1:X8 > X2 Null Hypothesis H0: X8 = X2 Prob Ident (IE4)

  22. Hypothesis Testing All experiments are designed to test a hypothesis. We are always looking for evidence of change (Scientific hypothesis). We never test a hypothesis of no difference. Prob Ident (IE4)

  23. We begin by assuming the Null is True (Similar to the assumption of innocence in a court of law.) If the evidence from the study is strong enough (beyond a reasonable statistical doubt ) we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative. Prob Ident (IE4)

  24. False Convictions When we reject the null and therefore accept the alternative hypothesis as the most tenable (likely) conclusion, we leave open the possibility of a false conviction (TYPE I error). We NEVER say that we have PROOF. Prob Ident (IE4)

  25. Failure to reject the Null does not mean there is no difference between conditions In a court of law when a defendant is found “guilty” the jurist(s) have rejected the hypothesis that the defendant is innocent. If they fail to find the defendant guilty, does that mean the defendant is “innocent”. It means there was not enough evidence to reject the assumption of innocence. Prob Ident (IE4)

  26. General Principles (Theory) Inductive Deductive (Hypothesis) Observations (data) Prob Ident (IE4)

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