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The Nervous System

This text provides an overview of the functions and organization of the nervous system, including sensory input, integration, motor output, and the different classifications of the nervous system. It also discusses the support cells in the nervous tissue and the structure and function of neurons. The text is written in English.

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The Nervous System

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  1. The Nervous System

  2. Functions of the Nervous System • Sensory input—gathering information • To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body • Changes = stimuli • Integration • To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

  3. Functions of the Nervous System • Motor output • A response to integrated stimuli • The response activates muscles or glands

  4. Functions of the Nervous System Figure 7.1

  5. Structural Classification of the Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord • Spinal nerves • Cranial nerves

  6. Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System • Sensory (afferent) division • Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system • Motor (efferent) division • Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

  7. Organization of the Nervous System Figure 7.2

  8. Functional Classification ofthe Peripheral Nervous System • Motor (efferent) division (continued) • Two subdivisions • Somatic nervous system = voluntary • Autonomic nervous system = involuntary

  9. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells • Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as “neuroglia” • Function: to support, insulate, and protect neurons

  10. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells • Astrocytes • Abundant, star-shaped cells • Brace neurons • Form barrier between capillaries and neurons • Control the chemical environment of the brain

  11. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3a

  12. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells • Microglia • Spiderlike phagocytes • Dispose of debris

  13. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3b

  14. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells • Oligodendrocytes • Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system • Produce myelin sheaths

  15. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3d

  16. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells • Satellite cells • Protect neuron cell bodies • Schwann cells • Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

  17. Nervous Tissue: Support Cells Figure 7.3e

  18. Nervous Tissue: Neurons • Neurons = nerve cells • Cells specialized to transmit messages • Major regions of neurons • Cell body—nucleus and metabolic center of the cell • Processes—fibers that extend from the cell body

  19. Nervous Tissue: Neurons • Cell body • Nissl substance • Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum • Neurofibrils • Intermediate cytoskeleton • Maintains cell shape

  20. Nervous Tissue: Neurons Figure 7.4

  21. Nervous Tissue: Neurons • Cell body • Nucleus • Large nucleolus • Processes outside the cell body • Dendrites—conduct impulses toward the cell body • Axons—conduct impulses away from the cell body

  22. Nervous Tissue: Neurons Figure 7.4

  23. Nervous Tissue: Neurons • Axons end in axonal terminals • Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters • Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap • Synaptic cleft—gap between adjacent neurons • Synapse—junction between nerves

  24. Nervous Tissue: Neurons • Myelin sheath—whitish, fatty material covering axons • Schwann cells—produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll–like fashion • Nodes of Ranvier—gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

  25. Nervous Tissue: Neurons Figure 7.5

  26. Neuron Cell Body Location • Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central nervous system • Gray matter—cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers • Nuclei—clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system • Ganglia—collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

  27. Functional Classification of Neurons • Sensory (afferent) neurons • Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS • Cutaneous sense organs • Proprioceptors—detect stretch or tension • Motor (efferent) neurons • Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands

  28. Functional Classification of Neurons • Interneurons (association neurons) • Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system • Connect sensory and motor neurons

  29. Neuron Classification Figure 7.6

  30. Structural Classification of Neurons • Multipolar neurons—many extensions from the cell body Figure 7.8a

  31. Structural Classification of Neurons • Bipolar neurons—one axon and one dendrite Figure 7.8b

  32. Structural Classification of Neurons • Unipolar neurons—have a short single process leaving the cell body Figure 7.8c

  33. Functional Properties of Neurons • Irritability • Ability to respond to stimuli • Conductivity • Ability to transmit an impulse

  34. Nerve Impulses • Resting neuron • The plasma membrane at rest is polarized • Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell • Depolarization • A stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane • A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane • The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron

  35. Nerve Impulses Figure 7.9a–b

  36. Nerve Impulses • Action potential • If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon • Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath

  37. Nerve Impulses Figure 7.9c–d

  38. Nerve Impulses • Repolarization • Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane • The sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration

  39. Nerve Impulses Figure 7.9e–f

  40. Transmission of a Signal at Synapses • Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve • Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal • The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter • An action potential is started in the dendrite

  41. Axonterminal Actionpotentialarrives Axon oftransmittingneuron Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Neurotransmitterbroken downand released Neurotransmitter Receptor Na+ Na+ Ion channel opens Ion channel closes Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10

  42. Axonterminal Actionpotentialarrives Axon oftransmittingneuron Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10, step 1

  43. Axonterminal Axon oftransmittingneuron Actionpotentialarrives Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmitting neuron Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10, step 2

  44. Axonterminal Axon oftransmittingneuron Actionpotentialarrives Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmitting neuron Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10, step 3

  45. Axonterminal Axon oftransmittingneuron Actionpotentialarrives Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10, step 4

  46. Axonterminal Axon oftransmittingneuron Actionpotentialarrives Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Neurotransmitter Receptor Na+ Ion channel opens Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10, step 5

  47. Axonterminal Axon oftransmittingneuron Actionpotentialarrives Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Neurotransmitterbroken downand released Neurotransmitter Receptor Na+ Na+ Ion channel opens Ion channel closes Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10, step 6

  48. Axonterminal Actionpotentialarrives Axon oftransmittingneuron Vesicles Synapticcleft Receivingneuron Synapse Transmitting neuron Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Neurotransmitterbroken downand released Neurotransmitter Receptor Na+ Na+ Ion channel opens Ion channel closes Transmission of a Signal at Synapses Figure 7.10, step 7

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