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Understanding Map Projections and Topographic Maps

Learn about map projections, latitude, longitude, map scales, and more. Discover how technology has revolutionized mapmaking methods. Explore the significance of topographic maps and magnetic declination.

jeannettewilliams
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Understanding Map Projections and Topographic Maps

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  1. Chapter 3

  2. 3.1: Modeling the Planet

  3. Modeling the PlanetMaps • A Globe is three dimensional. This makes it hard to fold. Maps are two dimensional so they contain distortions. • Cartographers are map makers.

  4. Map Projections • Map Projections are representations from a sphere to a flat surface.

  5. Mercator Projections Copy the drawing on the left

  6. Gnomonic ProjectionCopy the drawing on the left

  7. Polyconic ProjectionCopy the drawing on the left

  8. How do map projections distort Earth’s surface?http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0301/es0301page01.cfm

  9. Latitude and Longitude • Hemispheres “Hemi” means half. • Equator Divides N and S hemispheres.

  10. Prime Meridian Divides E and W hemispheres. • Latitude - 90 degrees from Equator to poles. • Longitude - Converges towards the poles.

  11. Map Scales • The scale of the map tells you how the map’s features compare in size with the Earth’s surface.

  12. Example; how far is it from City Hall to the Public Library?

  13. Map Orientation • If you are using a local map, hold the map in front of you looking in the direction you are going. • Most maps today are made with the top showing a north direction.

  14. State Standard 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…

  15. Quiz1. Globes are not flat. They are considered ___ dimensional.2. Of the three map projections discussed, which would show a polar region best?3. Which shows your position north of the Equator, Latitude or Longitude?4. What do we call the zero degree line of Longitude?5. What do we look for on a map to figure out how many miles one inch equals?

  16. Time for you to practice. …pass out map worksheet.

  17. 4.2: Earth’s Rotation

  18. Evidence for Rotation • In 1851 Jean Foucault showed that the Earth rotated using a pendulum. Pendulum demo

  19. Axis and Rate of Rotation

  20. Effects of Rotation • Day and night. • Measuring time. • Standard time zones. • International Date Line.

  21. “How do latitude and longitude coordinates help us see patterns on Earth?”http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0303/es0303page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation Latitude and Longitude map activity…

  22. State Standard 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…

  23. Quiz1. T / F Pendulums can prove that the Earth is really rotating.2. The North and South Pole are where the Earth rotates on its ___________3. Since it takes 24 hours for the Earth to rotate, it is divided up into ____ time zones.4. Time zones divide hours, the International Date Line divides ______

  24. 3.2: Mapmaking and Technology

  25. How Cartographers Traditionally Worked • The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has mapped the entire United States. • During the late 1800 and early 1900s, plane-table surveying was used to draw the Earth’s features.

  26. How Technology Has Changed Mapmaking • Once the first photos were taken from airplanes, map making changed quickly.

  27. Radar became another very useful tool. • Because it uses radio waves, it can see through clouds and also be used at night.

  28. Satellite Technology • In 1972, NASA launched the first satellite to photograph the Earth. • Called “Landsat 1”, it took photos in different wavelengths than normal color photos. • This is called “false-color image”. • It gives us the ability to see different types of vegetation, temperature, and movement.

  29. Computer Technology • Today we use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to know our exact location, speed, and direction. • GPS uses 24 orbiting satellites to continually measure your position. • All the user needs is a receiver. Data can be displayed as lat/long or on a moving map.

  30. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) combines satellite with statistical and traditional surveys to make maps. • Sometimes referred to as computer mapping, GIS allows maps to be stored, altered, and displayed in a variety of ways.

  31. New Ways to Print and Produce Maps • In the past, maps had to be printed. • This process required the lines be drawn by hand and then different colored presses were used in stages. • Today, we print maps using color printers. Computers allow us to make changes quickly and easily for updates.

  32. State Standard 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…

  33. Quiz1. T / F During the 1800 and 1900s, plane-table surveying was used.2. Airplanes can now photograph the Earth using Radar with can see through ______3. False-color imaging allows us to see different types of vegetation and _________4. Today we can use _____ to see our exact location.5. GIS allows _______ to be stored, altered, and displayed in a variety of ways.

  34. 3.3: Topographic Maps

  35. Topographic Maps • Topographic maps show topography – surface features

  36. Contour lines • Contour interval

  37. Slope and elevation

  38. Map Symbols

  39. Magnetic Declination

  40. “Earth's Varied Topography” http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0307/es0307page01.cfm?chapter_no=03

  41. Stereoscope activity

  42. State Standards 9d - Students …know how to use the map’s information…1h - Read and interpret topographic and geologic maps.

  43. Quiz1. T / F Topographic maps show us the surface features of the Earth.2. Why are contour lines always level(flat)?3. Closely spaced contour line show us what kind of slope - steep / gradual ?4. The color blue on a topographical map represents?5. Why do we have magnetic declination?

  44. End

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