Where have we been?

1. Where have we been? • Cartography as communication systems: then (linear) and now (cyclical) • Geospatial data Visualization Pipeline (Ben Fry) • Getting a message to, communicating with, a map user • Eye to brain processes • How to design maps (eg. groupings, figure ground, visual hierarchies) for effective cartographic communication • Audience: motivation, cognition

2. Where are we going today: • Understanding the PURPOSE of the map • What Activities are the map user suppose to perform with the map? • Detect? Estimate? Measure? Correlate? Visualize? Explore? • Link: map useactivitieswithvisual processing tasksreading, analysis, interpretation peripheral/foveal = User Centered Design

3. User Centered Design (UCD)From then and static to now and interactive Readings • Board, 1978 “Map reading tasks appropriate in experimental studies in cartographic communication” Canadian Cartographer, vol. 15 (1978): 5 • Amy Griffin et al “Designing across map use contexts: a research agenda” International Journal of Cartography 2017 • Robert E. Roth, Kevin S. Ross and Alan M. MacEachren. “User-Centered Design for Interactive Maps: A Case Study in Crime Analysis” ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. (2015), 4(1), 262-301; doi:10.3390/ijgi4010262 • http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/1/262/htm

4. Lecture Outline • Map Use Activities - Board (1978) • Map use design methodology • HWCastner/SHermansen 3. Interactive Maps: Map Use Context • Amy Griffin et al (2017) • Roth (2015)

5. 1. Map Use Activities a) Map Purpose What are we suppose to do with the map: • Map Reading • Map Analysis • Map Interpretation

6. Map Reading Lowest order of processing • detection • discrimination • identification, recognition, verification • estimation Board, 1978 “Map reading tasks appropriate in experimental studies in cartographic communication” Canadian Cartographer, vol. 15 (1978): 5

7. Map Analysis • analyze/describe spatial relationships • higher order cognitive processing Map Interpretation • seek explanations for the patterns and relationships • visualize/imaginations • highest order of cognitive process

8. Boards Map use activities lower Map reading analysis and interpretation activities: • Map Reading (navigation, orientation) • position, reference, direction, distance • Map Analysis - Spatial comparisons: • Measurement, nominal counts, ordinal compare and contrast, interval value assessment • Map Interpretation • Regional delimitations; pattern recognition: visualization • Scanning for visual organization, grouping, higher

9. Evaluation • What sort of map? • For whom is the map intended? • Under what conditions will the map be used? • What map reading activities are appropriate for stated purpose?

10. Board wanted cartographers to link Purpose / Activities / Evaluation to Design • Past mapping to present mapping? • Does this still ‘work’?

11. 1970/80: In parallel to Boards research on Map Use Activities and Design… Visual processing tasks • Peripheral vision • Foveal vision • Cognition (experiences, motivation…) • Implications for map use design • Establishing visual hierarchies • Visual contrast • Visual groupings

12. Develop links between: map reading/analysis/interpretation what are our map use activities = evaluation criteria And visual processing tasks ForUser Centered Design

13. A research Methodology for User Centered Map Design

14. Establish: Map Use Activities and Visual processing Tasksto guide map design Castner and McGrath goal: Link: analysis of map user information needs to research in map perception thereby Designing effective map symbols

15. Procedure: Clarify map content through an understanding of information needs; which in turn provide design options that relate to the way the map content is seen when using a map

16. Procedure based upon: • Map user Activities (Board’s map tasks) user group analysis of map elements / symbols need necessary to map • Visual processing Tasks eye-brain organization/hierarchies • Symbol design

17. Example: Nautical Charts Step1 Interview Pleasure boaters Step2 Determine Activities and associated map elements that support activities Step3: Determine visual processing tasks associated with activities Step4: propose design alternatives

19. Thoughts on this Map design methodology for today?

21. User Centred Design (UCD)Roth et al 2015 • the process of ensuring interface success (map-based or otherwise) by gathering input and feedback from target users throughout the design and development of the interface • loops in which target users provided input and feedback on needs and designs (user), prompting revisions to the conceptualization and functional requirements of the interface (utility), and ultimately leading to new mockups and prototypes of the interface (usability) for additional evaluation by target users… etc loop. • user→utility→usability

22. User (group) • Target the user group: community of map users

23. Utility • usefulness of an interface for completing the user’s desired set of objectives • Benchmarks • Activities and tasks

24. Usability • Learnability • Efficiency • Memorability • Error frequency and severity • Subjective satisfaction

27. http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview http://tipstrategies.com/geography-of-jobs/ http://metrocosm.com/global-immigration-map/

28. Interactive crime maps • City of Vancouver Crime map • http://geodash.vpd.ca/Html5Viewer/?disclaimer=on&viewer=public3_hv&x=117&y=39 • http://vancouver.ca/police/CrimeMaps/CrimeMaps2016.htm • City of Toronto, CBC maps crime • http://www.cbc.ca/toronto/features/crimemap/

29. Griffin, 2017, International Journal of Cartography

30. Context and map users • Spatial abilities • Education, training, jobs (taxi drivers) • Limiting factors of technology on spatial abilities (navigation directions) • Disabilities • Colour blindness • Vision impairment • Individual differences • Gender, age

31. Context and map use environment • What • Laptop, mobile, VR, static • When • Seasonal, day/night • With whom • Individual collaborative • Behaviour profiling • Maps adapting to where we are

32. Context and the map • Dynamic data • Privacy • Device • mobile • Representation • Multi scale, visual analytics alongside • Interfaces • Different interactions – touch screen, click

33. Examples • Point a to b in urban city • 1 local, red green colour blindness, time constraint • 2 non-local no time constraint • Identify similar and different context • Based on this, identify relevant design solutions

36. Summary…

37. Where have we been? • Cartography as communication systems: then (linear) and now (cyclical) • Geospatial data Visualization Pipeline (Ben Fry) • Getting a message to, communicating with, a map user • Eye to brain processes • How to design maps (eg. groupings, figure ground, visual hierarchies) for effective cartographic communication • Audience: motivation, cognition

38. Where are we going today: • Understanding the PURPOSE of the map • What Activities are the map user suppose to perform with the map? • Detect? Estimate? Measure? Correlate? Visualize? Explore? • Link: map useactivitieswithvisual processing tasksreading, analysis, interpretation peripheral/foveal = User Centered Design Complications with Context: Static / Interactive