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Unveiling the Secrets of Cosmic Ray Detection

Explore techniques to detect highest-energy cosmic rays, comparing ground particle detection and air fluorescence methods. Learn about shower particles and muon energy distribution, with insights on signal processing for muon ratios. Discover the calibration process using the central laser facility and Celeste observation to determine the energy parameter S1000. Dive into advanced concepts from the Taup Conference proceedings and James W. Cronin's research on the Violent Universe, shedding light on the mysteries of cosmic rays. Unlock the scientific advancements in the detection of highly energetic phenomena.

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Unveiling the Secrets of Cosmic Ray Detection

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  1. Detection ot the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays Lecture 1 The Violent Universe Nucl Phys B (Proc Suppl) 138 (2005) 465-491 Taup Conference Proceedings 2004 James W. Cronin Les Houches, March 19,2007

  2. Assume E-2.5 spectrum

  3. 4

  4. 5

  5. Two techniques: • detect shower particles on the ground • detect air fluorescence produced by shower particles

  6. Beyond 1500 gm/cm2 electromagnetic particles absorbed. (Highly inclined showers)

  7. 90 % of particles within Moliere radius of ≤ 100 m

  8. Thin scintillators measure principally electrons and positrons. A deep water detector measures roughly the total energy flux of the shower particles at its location.

  9. Note: total energy in entire shower carried by muons ≤ 10%

  10. Energy deposit in 1.2 meters of water

  11. At 1000 meters from core

  12. 9 Signal processing can extract em/muon ratio

  13. Old Shower: pure muons 11

  14. pe /A = (/4)(/rp)Ne pe/A = photoelectrons/meter2 • = photocathode efficiency x mirror reflectivity ~ 0.16 • = fluorescence yield ~ 4.5 UV photons/meter/particle  = 1 degree = 0.0175 rp = perpendicular distance to shower axis ~ 20 km • = attenuation ~ exp(rp/) ~ exp(-20/10) ~ 0.135 Ne = number of charged shower particles ~ 7x109 for 1019 EeV pe/A ~ 50 photoelectrons/meter2/degree

  15. Chii vs time Mono 26.15 ± 0.55 km Hybrid 25.96 ± 0.02 km Calibration with central laser facility and Celeste

  16. 14

  17. 16th

  18. S1000 is Energy parameter 8

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