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The CC – GRID? Era Infinite processing, storage, and bandwidth @ zero cost and latency

Explore the evolution from ARPAnet to GRID computing, the role of clusters, observations, and future predictions in computing by Gordon Bell. Learn about SNAP and insights into building future computers.

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The CC – GRID? Era Infinite processing, storage, and bandwidth @ zero cost and latency

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  1. The CC – GRID? EraInfinite processing, storage, and bandwidth @ zero cost and latency Gordon Bell (gbell@microsoft.com) Bay Area Research Center Microsoft Corporation

  2. deja’ vu • ARPAnet: c1969 • To use remote programs & data • Got FTP & mail. Machines & people overloaded. • NREN: c1988 • BW => Faster FTP for images, data • Latency => Got http://www… • Tomorrow => Gbit communication BW, latency • <’90 Mainframes, minis, PCs/WSs • >’90 very large, dep’t, & personal clusters • VAX: c1979 one computer/scientist • Beowulf: c1995 one computer/scientist • 1960s batch: opti-use allocate, schedule,$ • 2000s GRID: opti-use allocate, schedule, $ (… security, management, etc.)

  3. Some observations • Clusters are purchased, managed, and used as a single, one room facility. • Clusters are the “new” computers. They present unique, interesting, and critical problems… then Grids can exploit them. • Clusters & Grids have little to do with one another… Grids use clusters! • Clusters should be a good simulation of tomorrow’s Grid. • Distributed PCs: Grids or Clusters? • Perhaps some clusterable problems can be solved on a Grid… but it’s unlikely. • Lack of understanding clusters & variants • Socio-, political, eco- wrt to Grid.

  4. Some observations • GRID was/is an exciting concept … • They can/must work within a community, organization, or project. What binds it? • “Necessity is the mother of invention.” • Taxonomy… interesting vs necessity • Cycle scavenging and object evaluation (e.g. seti@home, QCD) • File distribution/sharing aka IP theft (e.g. Napster, Gnutella) • Databases &/or programs and experiments(astronomy, genome, NCAR, CERN) • Workbenches: web workflow chem, bio… • Single, large problem pipeline… e.g. NASA. • Exchanges… many sites operating together • Transparent web access aka load balancing • Facilities managed PCs operating as cluster!

  5. Grids: Why? • The problem or community dictates a Grid • Economics… thief or scavenger • Research funding… that’s where the problems are

  6. In a 5-10 years we can/will have: • more powerful personal computers • processing 10-100x; multiprocessors-on-a-chip • 4x resolution (2K x 2K) displays to impact paper • Large, wall-sized and watch-sized displays • low cost, storage of one terabyte for personal use • adequate networking? PCs now operate at 1 Gbps • ubiquitous access = today’s fast LANs • Competitive wireless networking • One chip, networked platforms e.g. light bulbs, cameras • Some well-defined platforms that compete with the PC for mind (time) and market sharewatch, pocket, body implant, home (media, set-top) • Inevitable, continued cyberization… the challenge… interfacing platforms and people.

  7. SNAP … c1995Scalable Network And PlatformsA View of Computing in 2000+We all missed the impact of WWW! Gordon Bell Jim Gray

  8. How Will Future Computers Be Built? Thesis: SNAP: Scalable Networks and Platforms • Upsize from desktop to world-scale computer • based on a few standard components Because: • Moore’s law: exponential progress • Standardization & Commoditization • Stratification and competition When: Sooner than you think! • Massive standardization gives massive use • Economic forces are enormous

  9. Volume drives simple,cost to standardplatforms p e r f o r m a n c e Stand-alone Desk tops PCs

  10. Legacy mainframes & minicomputers servers & terms Portables Legacy mainframe & minicomputer servers & terminals ComputingSNAPbuilt entirelyfrom PCs Wide-area global network Mobile Nets Wide & Local Area Networks for: terminal, PC, workstation, & servers Person servers (PCs) scalable computers built from PCs A space, time (bandwidth), & generation scalable environment Person servers (PCs) Centralized & departmental uni- & mP servers (UNIX & NT) Centralized & departmental servers buit from PCs ??? TC=TV+PC home ... (CATV or ATM or satellite)

  11. SNAP Architecture----------

  12. GB plumbing from the baroque:evolving from the 2 dance-hall model Mp — S — Pc : | : |——————-- S.fiber ch. — Ms | : |— S.Cluster |— S.WAN — vs, MpPcMs — S.Lan/Cluster/Wan — :

  13. Modern scalable switches … also hide a supercomputer • Scale from <1 to 120 Tbps • 1 Gbps ethernet switches scale to 10s of Gbps, scaling upward • SP2 scales from 1.2

  14. Interesting “cluster” in a cabinet • 366 servers per 44U cabinet • Single processor • 2 - 30 GB/computer (24 TBytes) • 2 - 100 Mbps Ethernets • ~10x perf*, power, disk, I/O per cabinet • ~3x price/perf • Network services… Linux based *42, 2 processors, 84 Ethernet, 3 TBytes

  15. ISTORE Hardware Vision • System-on-a-chip enables computer, memory, without significantly increasing size of disk • 5-7 year target: • MicroDrive:1.7” x 1.4” x 0.2” 2006: ? • 1999: 340 MB, 5400 RPM, 5 MB/s, 15 ms seek • 2006: 9 GB, 50 MB/s ? (1.6X/yr capacity, 1.4X/yr BW) • Integrated IRAM processor • 2x height • Connected via crossbar switch • growing like Moore’s law • 16 Mbytes; ; 1.6 Gflops; 6.4 Gops • 10,000+ nodes in one rack! 100/board = 1 TB; 0.16 Tf

  16. 14" The Disk Farm? or a System On a Card? The 500GB disc card An array of discs Can be used as 100 discs 1 striped disc 50 FT discs ....etc LOTS of accesses/second of bandwidth A few disks are replaced by 10s of Gbytes of RAM and a processor to run Apps!!

  17. Increased Demand Increase Capacity(circuits & bw) Create new service Lower response time WWW Audio Video Voice! The virtuous cycle of bandwidth supply and demand Standards Telnet & FTP EMAIL

  18. Map of Gray Bell Prize results Redmond/Seattle, WA single-thread single-stream tcp/ip via 7 hops desktop-to-desktop …Win 2K out of the box performance* New York Arlington, VA San Francisco, CA 5626 km 10 hops

  19. The Promise of SAN/VIA:10x in 2 years http://www.ViArch.org/ • Yesterday: • 10 MBps (100 Mbps Ethernet) • ~20 MBps tcp/ip saturates 2 cpus • round-trip latency ~250 µs • Now • Wires are 10x faster Myrinet, Gbps Ethernet, ServerNet,… • Fast user-level communication • tcp/ip ~ 100 MBps 10% cpu • round-trip latency is 15 us • 1.6 Gbps demoed on a WAN

  20. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or New Paradigm for science? Labscape

  21. Labscape

  22. Courtesy of Dr. Thomas Sterling, Caltech

  23. Lessons from Beowulf • An experiment in parallel computing systems • Established vision- low cost high end computing • Demonstrated effectiveness of PC clusters for some (not all) classes of applications • Provided networking software • Provided cluster management tools • Conveyed findings to broad community • Tutorials and the book • Provided design standard to rally community!* • Standards beget: books, trained people, software … virtuous cycle* *observations Courtesy, Thomas Sterling, Caltech.

  24. The EndHow can GRIDs become a non- ad hoc computer structure?Get yourself an application community!

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