Understanding the Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells

1. 1. The difference between plant and animal cells is that animal cells contain a cell wall and chloroplasts. 2. The main source of energy for our bodies is protein. 3. Fats can be “saturated” or “unsaturated”. Saturated fats are more beneficial to our bodies. 4. Cells in our body convert energy (glucose) to energy (ATP) through the process of photosynthesis. 5. Almost all energy comes originally from sunlight.

2. Molecular Biology

3. What is molecular biology? Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology, particularly genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell.

4. Is this an animal or plant cell? Explain. “Cell Structure & Function” 10:36

5. Plant Cell: How do plant and animal cells differ?

6. Organelles have specific functions. They need energy! • Lysosome: contains enzymes that break down nutrients, wastes, bacteria and worn out cell parts • Ribosome: take information from DNA and use it to make proteins • Vacuole: a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the storage and release of cellular waste products • Nucleus: a large, oval structure that directs all of the cell’s activities; houses genetic material • Mitochondria: produce most of the energy/ATP the cell needs to carry out its functions; where respiration occurs • Golgi Body (apparatus): receives and packages products, including proteins, for use in the cell • Endoplasmic Reticulum: where chemical reactions take place; a system whose functions include synthesis and transport of lipids and, in regions where ribosomes are attached, of proteins • Cell Membrane: forms the outside boundary that separates the cell from its environment; controls what enters and leaves the cell • Cytoplasm: the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus • Cell Wall: plant; rigid structure that gives the cell shape - Gizmo: “Cell Structure” - Matching activity

7. Is it food? Peanuts Water Celery Candy Fruit Whole milk Bread Butter Diet soft drinks Ice

8. How do cells use food? 1. Is this a plant or animal cell? 2. How do you know? 3. What nutrients are needed by various organelles? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=336jnexBg8E Respiration and Photosynthesis 3:05

10. Cellular Respiration: the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/overview.html on-line review, diagrams, practice (glucose) (glucose)

11. Respiration • In respiration, complex molecules (food) are broken down into simpler molecules. For • example, during respiration glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. • - In respiration, energy is produced. • - In respiration, oxygen is absorbed. • - In respiration, carbon dioxide is given out. • - Respiration takes place in plants as well as in animals. • - During respiration, chlorophyll is not required. • Photosynthesis • In photosynthesis, simple molecules combine to from complex molecules (food). For • example, during photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water combine to fro glucose, • which is a food. • - During photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is absorbed. • - In photosynthesis, oxygen is produced. • - In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed. • - Photosynthesis can take place only in plants. • For photosynthesis, the presence of chlorophyll is a must.

12. Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis • Food accumulated • Energy from sun stored in glucose • Carbon dioxide taken in • Oxygen given off • Produces glucose • Occurs on in presence of light • Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll Cellular Respiration - Food broken down - Energy of glucose released - Carbon dioxide given off - Oxygen taken in - Produces CO2 and H20 - Occurs during night and day - Occurs in all living cells

13. What “biological compounds do our cells need? The four major biological compounds are: • Proteins (key for building body tissues; aim for 10% to 35% of calories) • Carbohydrates (fuels our brain and muscles; energy source - aim for 45% to 65% of calories) • Lipids (contributes essential fatty acids and promotes absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K; energy source – aim for 20% to 35% of calories – mostly unsaturated, but NOT trans fats) • Nucleic Acids (RNA and DNA) • Only proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are considered “food” because they are the only ones in which the body/cells get energy. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0“Biological Molecules: You are what you eat.” 14:09

14. What is “food”? • material or molecules that provide living things with the nutrients they need for energy and growth And Carbohydrates (simple & complex carbs) Foods with natural sugars (carbs) tend to be the healthiest for you.

15. Food provides molecules that serve as fuel and building material. (see compound PowerPoint) • What is a molecule?The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces. The compound here is water. It is made up of oxygen (1 atom) and hydrogen (2 atoms). H2O (chemical formula for 1 molecule of water) + - • Water is a polar molecule because • it has electrically/oppositely charged areas. • Water is not considered “food” because • it does not provide the body with energy. +

16. Understanding Nutrient Labels 1. Serving Size • Serving Size Per Container • Calories • Calories from Fat • Saturated Fat • *Unsaturated Fat • Sodium • Carbohydrates • Protein • HW: Student 10 Item Food Assessment *Trans fat is a specific type of unsaturated fat formed when liquid fats are made into solid in a process known as hydrogenation. Hydrogenation solidifies liquid oils and increases the shelf life and the flavor stability of oils and foods that contain them. Small amounts of trans fats are found naturally in animal based foods. Trans fats are considered unhealthy. * Not all unsaturated fats are “trans fats”.

17. What is “protein”? • One of the three nutrients used as energy sources (calories) by the body. • Proteins are essential components of the muscle, skin, and bones. • Aim for 10% to 35% of calories • Proteins and carbohydrates each provide 4 calories of energy per gram, whereas fats provide 9 calories per gram.

18. Sources of Protein • In your notebook, make a list of the various sources of protein.

19. Top 10 Plants High in Protein #1 asparagus #2 pumpkin seeds #3 cauliflower #4 peanuts #5 oats #6 beans #7 almonds #8 spinach #9 broccoli #10 quinoa

20. See “Carbohydrates in Foods Lists” Sources of Carbohydrates • In your notebook, make a list of the various sources of carbohydrates.

21. Simple vs Complex Carbs Carbohydrates and fats are the main source of energy for your body. Carbs are made up of sugars, which break down to provide either quick energy or slow-burning, sustained energy over a period of several hours. "Simple" carbs are quick energy sources, while "complex" carbs provide longer-lasting energy. In addition to providing physical energy, carbohydrates also effectively fuel the brain.

22. What are lipids/fats? • A biological compound that is not soluble (dissolvable) in water, e.g. a fat.  • Fats are classified as “saturated ” or “unsaturated” . • Unsaturated fats are more beneficial to our body and are liquid at room temperature. • Saturated fats are less beneficial to our bodies and are solid at room temperature. • “Trans Fats” are a type of unsaturated fat that is not beneficial to our bodies. • Lipids/fats have more energy; however, unsaturated fats are healthy.

23. The Real Story on Fats! 

24. Are fats good or bad for you? What do you think? Unsaturated Fats VS Saturated Fats

25. Unsaturated Fats

26. See “Fat Comparison Chart” Saturated FatsIn your notebook, make a list of foods that contain saturated fats. (solid at room temperature)

27. Based on this information, what group should most of our food come from? b Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates & Protein (depends on the vegetable) (Food & Digestion Program 9:59)

28. S Your Name & Period Complex Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates Pasta, bread, nuts, beans, grain sugary foods, milk, fruit, cereals Your Eating Plate… How do you rate?  Proteins meats, fish, poultry, some vegetables Lipids fried food, butter, margarine, oils What foods are good sources of carbohydrates? fats/lipids? Some of the things you eat may be classified into more than one category. Example: peanut crackers = crackers are complex carbs. and peanut butter is protein.

29. Molecules of Saturated and Unsaturated Fat http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/23911850/fda-proposes-banning-trans-fats Both saturated and unsaturated fats are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

30. Effects of Long-term Consumption of Saturated Fats - Eating fatty foods appears to take an almost immediate toll on both short-term memory and exercise performance. - Studies have suggested that long-term consumptionof a high-fat diet is associated with weight gain, heart disease and declines in cognitive (mental) function. • New research shows how indulging in • fatty foods over the course of a few • days can affect the brain and body long before the extra pounds show up.

31. Atherosclerosis is a type of hardening of the arteries in which lipids, particularly cholesterol, build up on the side arterial walls. Riskfactors cigarette smoking, a high fat/high cholesterol diet, and hypertension. cholesterol cholesterol

32. Atherosclerosis: hardening of the arteries due to a build up of bad (LDL) cholesterol

33. Progression of Cholesterol Accumulation Food Analysis Activity … The Big Picture 

34. In Review

35. Plants and Food Production • The three major functions that are basic to plant growth and development are: • Photosynthesis – The process of capturing light energy and converting it to sugar energy (glucose), in the presence of chlorophyll using carbon dioxide and water. (releasing O2 and H2O) • Respiration – The process of metabolizing (burning) sugars (glucose) to produce energy for growth, reproduction, and other life processes. (releasing H2O and CO2) • Transpiration – The loss of water vapor through the stomata of leaves. (O2) (CO2) (H2O) “Respiration & Excretion” 9:16

36. In photosynthesis… • Plants under go both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react with the sun’s energy to form glucose/carbohydrates, starches, and proteins. This releases oxygen as a byproduct or waste product.  • Plants release the chemical energy in glucose through the process of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration can be thought of as the opposite of photosynthesis. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O+ light energy g C6H12O6 + 6O2 The word equation for photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water + light energy produces glucose + oxygen

37. Respiration in Plants In respiration, plants (and animals) convert the sugars back into energy for growth and other life processes (metabolic processes).  A simple chemical equation for respiration is given below. Notice that the equation for respiration is the opposite of that for photosynthesis. The word equation for aerobic respiration is: - glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy The chemical equation is: - C6H12O6 + 6O2g 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kjcellular respiration in animals Nighttime Battle? At night, when photosynthesis can’t take place, plants continue to consume oxygen but they don’t release any back into the atmosphere. The amount of oxygen the plants use at night is trivial.

38. Food provides molecules that serve as fuel and building material for all organisms. • Plants use the energy in light to make sugars (glucose, carbohydrates) out of carbon dioxide and water through a process called photosynthesis. • This process transforms light energy from the sun into stored chemical energy. Chemical energy is transferred from one organism in an ecosystem to another as they interact with each other for food. • Minerals and other nutrients from soil are not food (They don’t provide energy.), but are needed for plants to make complex molecules from the sugar they make.

39. Comparing & Contrasting Photosynthesis and Respiration What are the waste products of respiration? What are the waste products of photosynthesis? (dissolved O2 demo.) (Yeast Respiration lab)

40. Transpiration in Plants • Water in the roots is pulled through the plant by transpiration (loss of water vapor through the stomata of the leaves).  • Transpiration uses about 90% of the water that enters the plant.  The other 10% is an ingredient in photosynthesis and cell growth. The capillary action of water molecules keep water moving up the roots and through the plant.

41. Transpiration After securing the bag on the plant, water is captured as it travels out the leaves of the plant.. • What is the process that leads to transpiration? • 2. What are the waste products of photosynthesis?

42. Metabolism at a Glance Proteins

43. Digestion + Respiratory + Circulatory Digestive Function • The purpose of your digestive system is to take in food from your environment and break it down. Through the process of digestion, you break large nutrient molecules into smaller ones that your intestine absorbs into the bloodstream. Cells then take up these nutrient molecules and use them to build new molecules and provide for their cellular energy needs. Cells can also store the molecules for later use. Respiratory Function • Your respiratory system takes in oxygen from the atmosphere and moves that oxygen into the bloodstream by allowing it to move across the membranes of the lungs into the blood vessels. Circulatory System • The circulatory system then carries oxygen to all the cells in the body and picks up carbon dioxide waste, which it returns to the lungs. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs, and you exhale it into the atmosphere. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Crash Course #27 11:40 min.

44. What is metabolism? • Metabolism is the energy (calories) your body needs to function, and it operates at a different rate for each person. • This involves a set of chemical reactions that store fuel (food) molecules and convert them into energy. In order for the body to use the fuel energy stored in food, the food must first be digested and combined with oxygen (oxidized). Three factors contribute to the overall metabolic rate of the body. 1. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) accounts for about 60% of all energy used by the body. 2. Daily physical activities account for another 30% of the energy used by the body. 3. 10% of the energy used by the body is used to digest and process (oxidize) food.

45. What is “chemical energy”? • Consider the ability of your body to do work. • The glucose (blood sugar) in your body has "chemical energy" because the glucose releases energy when chemically reacting (combusting) with oxygen. • Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released andpartially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration

46. Relationship Between the Respiratory & Circulatory SystemsTo burn food for the release of energy stored in it, oxygen must be supplied to cells, and carbon dioxide removed. What affect does physical activity have on cellular respiration? • Respiratory System • Heart & lungs work together to deliver oxygen rich blood to all organs, tissues and cells • Lungs take in oxygen for the combustion of food and eliminate carbon dioxide as a waste product. • Circulatory System 1. Moves substances processed in the respiratory system to or from cells where they are needed or produced • Regular exercise is important to maintain a healthy heart/lung system, good muscle • tone, and bone strength. • * Regular exercise and physical activity increases the heart rate providing more oxygen • for the body to use for processing food.

47. Food is the “fuel” for our bodies. How do animals convert food to energy? • Mitochondria are the converters; they convert the fuel into useable energy. • When food is digested, or broken down into its smallest molecules and nutrients, and air is taken in, the smallest molecules and nutrients cross into the bloodstream. These molecules and nutrients include things such as glucose (a sugar molecule derived from carbohydrates) and oxygen. • You will consume more fuel than is necessary to make the machine called your body function. The excess gets stored for later as fat. • Just as fire burns oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide and water, mitochondria act like furnaces when they convert glucose into adenosine triphosphate (ATP): They “burn” (use) oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water in a process called respiration. Because the process uses oxygen, it is said to be aerobic (as in aerobic exercise). • This chemical process of respiration occurs in every cell, so it is called aerobic cellular respiration.

48. What affect does exercise have on metabolism?

49. Rank the Exercise • Put the following activities in order based on the number of calories that are burned off. List the activities from most calories burned (#1) to least calories burned (#10). - Squash - Jump Roping - Biking - Rugby - Boxing - Rock Climbing - Running - Rowing - Swimming - Cross Country Skiing (see “Activities and Calories Burned”) http://cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2010/09/20/is-propylene-glycol-in-food-making-us-fat

50. Calorie Countdown Did you know that… 1. 1,750 calories is equivalent to half a pound of body weight. 2. In theory, if you want to lose half a pound of weight in a week, you’ll need to cut back or burn up about 250 extra calories per day. Option A: Eat 250 fewer calories. Option B: Burn 250 more calories through physical activity. Option C: Eat 125 fewer calories and burn 125 more calories. • If you consume more calories than you use, the excess • is stored as fat and weight is gained. • Weight loss occurs when fewer calories are taken in • than the body needs. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drs4EQaUkno video of 8,000 cal. breakfast