تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية

1. تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية Islamic Architecture History

2. Al-Azhar Mosque 970 -1171AC

3. Al-Azhar Mosque • Al-Azhar Mosque Located in El Hussein Square was founded by Jawhar al-Siqilly, the Fatimid conqueror of Egypt and built on the orders ofCaliph Muezz Li-Din Allah, in 972 (361 H) as the congregational mosque for the new city of al-Qahira and the university was established there in 988. • It imitated both the Amr Ibn El-As andIbn Tulun mosques. The first Fatimid monument in Egypt, the Azhar was both a meeting place for Shi'a students and through the centuries, it has remained a focal point of the famous university which has grown up around it. • It was the oldest university in the world, where the first lecture was delivered in 975 AD. Today the university built around the Mosque is the most prestigious of Muslim schools, and the Mosque is reserved for prayer. • In addition to the religious studies, modern schools of medicine, science and foreign languages have also been added.

4. Architecturally, the mosque is amodel of all styles and influences that have passed through Egypt, with a large part of it having been renovated by Abdarrahman Khesheda. • The original structure is a hypostyle mosque, with the aisles defined by round arches on pre-Islamic marble columns with Corinthian capitals • The axis to the mihrab emphasized by a wide longitudinal aisle (transept), higher than the rest of the prayer hall. • The other aisles are transverse, running parallel to the Qibla wall. The termination of the transept at the mihrab is marked by a dome. • Among the original decorations are stucco panels and a window screen in the original Qibla wall, stucco representations of a palm tree on the piers of the wall facing the original Qibla wall.

5. There are five very fine minarets with small balconies and intricately carved columns. • It has six entrances, with the main entrance being the 18th Century Babel-Muzayinin, where students were once shaved. This gate leads into a small courtyard and then into the AqbaughawiyaMedersato the left, which was built in 1340 and serves as a library. On the right is the Taybarsiya Medersa built in 1310 which has a very finemihrab • The Qaitbay Entrance was built in 1469 and has a minaret built atop. Inside is a large courtyard that is 275 by 112 feet which is surrounded with porticos supported by over three hundred marble columns of ancient origin.

6. To the east is the prayer hall which is larger than the courtyard and has several rows of columns. • The Kufic inscription on the interior of the mihrab is original, though the mihrab has been modified several times, and behind is a hall added in 1753 by Abd el-Rahman Katkhuda. • At the northern end is the tomb medersa of Jawhar El-Sequili.

7. Al-Azhar Mosque • Stucco including bands of Kufic inscriptions framing windows with geometric stucco grilles, and the Kufic inscriptions and stucco carving in the hood of the mihrab. The stucco panels above it, however, belong to the restoration of Sultan Baybars I. • The courtyard was originally enclosed with three arcades. Caliph al-Hafiz (1138) add an arcade around all four sides of the courtyard, displaying horse-shoe arches, roundels, and horse-shoe arches d niches. • The transept commences with a pishtaq, which is set in the courtyard's prayer-hall facade and was also built in the time of al-Hafiz. Behind this pishtaq in the first bay is a dome on squinches. • This dome, the arches supporting it, the striking stucco decoration both on the spandrels of these arches and the interior of the dome, and the window grille above the Qibla side arch that is the earliest extant example of stained-glass in Egypt, were also added by al-Hafiz.

8. The Shafi'i monopolized the law during the Ayyubid period, so the Friday khutba in Cairo could be delivered from one mosque only. Consequently, the Azhar lost its status as a Friday mosque, when the Mosque of al-Hakim, being the largest mosque in the city,

9. In 1266 during the reign of Mamluk Sultan Baybars I, Amir 'Izz al-Din restored the mosque and elevated it to khutba status, and Amir Badr al-Din Bilik al-Khazindar had a maqsura made for it. • Mamluk Taybarsiyya madrasa in 1309 and Aqbughawiyya madrasa in 1340. were established in the ziyada (outer enclosure): The Taybarsiyya has two iwans, one for the Shafi'i and the other for the Maliki. • Its mihrab is representative of an early Mamluk combination of glass mosaic and polychrome marble inlay. The mihrab's semi-dome is set in an outer arch surrounded by a molding which forms a loop at its apex, and continues horizontally and then vertically downwards to form a rectangular outer frame for the spandrels of this arch. The upper part of the mihrab is framed by a band of white marble with a decorative motif inlaid in black.

10. The Aqbughawiyya, with a minaret by the royal chief-architect Mu'allim al-Suyufi -1340, had housed al-Azhar's valuable collection of Qur'ans and manuscripts since 1898, The foundation (madrasa and mausoleum) of Jawhar al-Qunqubay, added in 1440, displays the earliest example of arabesque foliage carving on the exterior surface of a stone dome in Cairo. Additions by Sultan Qaytbay include the main gate to the courtyard at the end of the passage between the Aqbughawiyya and the Taybarsiyya (1469), and the minaret above it - 1477). Later restorations by Qaytbay under the superintendence of Khwaja Mustafa ibn Mahmud ibn Rustem al-Rumi were finished in 1496. The double-finial minaret belongs to the works of Sultan al-Ghuri (1501-16).

11. Later works include those of Mamluk 'Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda (under the Ottomans), part of which is the main portal and the expansion behind the Fatimid mihrab, in 1753, and those of Khedive 'Abbas Hilmy in 1894. This mosque served as a model for the Mosque of the Qarafa, a congregational mosque built by al-Sayyida al-Mu'izziyya in 976.

14. It is the first building is carried out by the Fatimid Caliph al – Moaz li-deen allah • In the era of the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, the Prince Aladdin Taibrs annexed the taibarsiyah madrasa 1309, to Al-Azhar Mosque. • Aladdin Aqubgha , Prince of princes Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun -1340 annexed Aqubghawiyah madrasa to the left of Bab Almazinin- the main gate of the mosque with beautiful mehrab and . Brooded minaret • Prince Jowhar Alqnaqbaii Khazindar the essence of the Mamluk Sultan Ashraf Bersbai annexed Jowhariyah Madrasa in the eastern core of the mosque with four Iwans. The biggest iwan is the easten iwan and contain mehrab and carved dome above

17. Mosque Architecture • The first Jamaa mosque established in Cairo, and called Cairo. mosque • the plan is a court overlooking by Three Iwans, the largest one is the Qibla Iwan consist of five rewaqs the one looking the court loaded on peirs and the others loaded on colomns • the primary area was half time of the current area then added a series of rewaqs, corridors, schools, Mehrabs, and minarets, changed its shape • Some of the rewaqs is based on the peirs and the other on the marble columns • the western wall without rewaqs and h the vertical door is at the middle , and a minaret on top of it, similar to the the Mahdia door, in Kairouan • vicious gypsum windows Opened at the tops of the walls in beautiful geometric forms decorated with Kufic script

18. the crossing majaz directed to the Mehrab and it arches heighten above the other rewaqs carved with kufic scripts and the columns decorated with plant arabesques • the mehrab covered with dome is replaced the old one • The columns were short that’s the ceiling is 7m so the majaz heightened 2m above used for ventilations • The ornamentations are plam fans above the columns and other ornamentations above the entrance • The area of the mosque now is 75X69m .added to this area the tiabarsiyah madrasa, Qietbay and abd al rahman katehda and abbasid rewaq the area will cover square shape 120m by 120m • It has entrance at the middle of the north west façade and other two entrances at both sides • Qibla rewaq consist of five rewaqs parrallel to the qibla wall cutting by crossing majaz

22. Al-Azhar Mosque in the Khan el-Khalili section of Cairo, 2007

37. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية

38. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية

39. باب الفتوح

40. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية باب زويلة

41. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية باب زويلة

42. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية باب النصر

44. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية باب الفتوح

45. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية باب زويلة

46. تطــــــور المسجد في العمارة الإسلامية باب زويلة

47. باب النصر